【作者】 刘刚；

【导师】 陈杰；

【作者基本信息】 四川大学 ， 英语语言文学， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 美国作为当今世界的唯一超级大国，正以其强大的经济、军事实力影响着全球。今天是过去的延续，对早期中美关系的研究有助于清楚地认识当今的中美关系，两者之间有一定的延续性。尽管后来中外学者对这段历史从不同的角度作了较为详细的论述，毕竟它离我们相对来说已经较远了，再加上有关的资料也变得难以寻觅，因此一些陈旧的观点渐成定论，并为大家不假思索地给予认同。正如赛义德在其《东方主义》中所提到的，“现代人的思想和经验教导我们应该对有关涉及表述，对他者的研究，对种族思想，对权威和权威观点的不经考虑、不经批评的全面接受……等皆持一种敏锐的态度。”本文即是以在分析，总结前人已有的学术成果基础上，通过对这期间的有关史料，尤其是第一手资料细读、再梳理、分析，对中美早期的商务关系发展变化和特点作尽可能详细的论述。中美两国之间的交流虽在美国尚处于殖民地时期即已开始，但两国问真正的交往却是在1784年美国商船“中国皇后”号访华之后。在早期交往期间美国人在中国的活动主要有两方面，一是商业活动，另一方面是传教活动。由于当时的清政府禁止外国传教士来华传教以及中国本土文化对基督教教义的抵制，因而从一开始外国传教士在中国的活动就注定发育不良。与此相反，双方的商业活动却由于在中国有着早已存在的商业市场及美商的积极开拓中国市场等因素而蓬勃发展起来了。这也是本文着重论述早期商业关系的重要原因。早期中美商业大体上呈平稳的上升发展趋势。由于美商在华大多“最为恭顺”，因此在早期交流中除了特洛诺瓦事件外中美之间并无太多的冲突。然而就是这种看似平和的交流却隐藏一种发展为不平等交往的潜在趋势，并最终以《望厦条约》体现出这种不平等的关系。这种表面上看似平等的商业交往实质上损害了中国的主权和利益，并为以后的美国对华外交政策奠定了基础。本文首先对这段时期的商业交流和发生在这段时期的重要大事件作了一个全面的介绍，然后从中美两国商人的特点和当时双方的外贸政策方面对早期商业交流的半官方性质作了论述，接着通过考察早期中美商业交流中三个阶段的商业活动特点，论述了早期中美商业性质的转变趋势，最后考察了早期美国商人的活动和其在不同历史时期对美国外交政策的影响，尤其是对华政策的影响，从而探讨了早期中美商业活动与美国外交政策之间的关系。更多还原

【Abstract】 As the only superpower in today’s world, the United States of America is executing her influence on the globe with her powerful strengths of economy and military. Today is the continuance of the past. The study of the early Sino-American relations will help us to know better today’s bilateral relations, between which there is an inherent continuity. However, this historical period has left us with a vague idea of the history. Although later Chinese and foreign scholars had studied the period from many different aspects, some cliched ideas were set up and accepted uncritically due to the passage of time and difficult acquisition of materials concerning the history.Just as Said put it in his Orientalism, "Modern thought and experience have taught us to be sensitive of what is involved in representation, in studying the Other, in racial thinking, in unthinking and uncritical acceptance of authority and authoritative ideas...." Based on analyzing and summarizing previous scholars’ academic fruits, this article tries to expound the development and characteristics of the early Sino-American commercial relations as fully as possible by closely reading, sorting and analyzing the historic materials concerning the period, especially those first-hand documents.Although the United States had some contact with China during the Colonial period, the actual exchange between the two countries began after American ship Empress of China visited China in 1784. During the early period of the Sino-American relations, there were mainly two kinds of activities for American people in China, one was commercial, the other missionary. As the Qing government prohibited foreign missionaries from preaching in China and the Chinese native culture resisted the doctrine of Christianity, the missionary activities in China had not made obvious progress from the beginning. Contrarily the early Sino-American commerce advanced by leaps and bounds owing to the long established market in China and American merchants’ positive efforts to expand trade in China. This is also the reason why the article focuses on studying the early Sino-American commercial relations.Generally speaking, the early Sino-American commerce kept an upward developing trend. As most American merchants in China behaved with all due submission, China and the United States didn’t have too many conflicts except the Terranova incident throughout the early period. However, beneath the surface of peaceful exchange there hidden a latent trend towards the unequal exchange in the future, which was finally incarnated in Wangxia Treaty. This seemingly peaceful commercial exchange actually harmed China’s sovereignty and interest, which also laid the foundation for the later American foreign policies towards China.This article firstly gives a comprehensive introduction of the Sino-American commerce and the significant events that took place in the period. Secondly it discusses characteristics of the early Sino-American commerce, from the aspects of Chinese and American merchants and their governments’ foreign trade policies at the time. Thirdly it studies the developing trend of the early Sino-American commerce by exploring the characteristics of the mutual exchange in the three phases of the period. Finally it studies the relationship between the early Sino-American commerce and American foreign policies by exploring early American merchants’ activities on the Pacific and their influence on American government’s foreign policies, especially those towards China in different historical periods.更多还原