【作者】 王娟；

【导师】 牛月明；

【作者基本信息】 中国海洋大学 ， 中国古代文学， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 象喻批评是中国古代文学批评方法中的一种重要而独特的方式,这种方式最根本的特点就在于批评家借助一些生动具体、含蓄隽永的形象或意境来喻示解释对象的内在风神和整体韵味。在中国古代文学批评方法的研究中,往往把象喻批评视为印象批评或鉴赏批评的一个分支,对象喻批评方法本身的形成发展脉络研究得并不充分。本文所作的就是对象喻批评的概念作明确的界定,挖掘象喻批评形成的原因,进而探讨象喻批评方法的形成和发展过程。以钟嵘的《诗品》为切入点研究象喻批评方法的形成和发展的原因是:第一,《诗品》是运用象喻批评方法转折性的作品,在象喻批评的发展中有承上启下的作用。一方面辗转引用了不少他人的象喻批评;另一方面自创了大量生动具体、含蓄隽永的象喻批评。第二,《诗品》是我国第一部诗歌理论批评专著,而诗歌正是最能体现象喻批评特点的文学样式,《诗品》出现在六朝,此时“象喻”的内涵从哲学、玄学转到审美本质,从文学本质层面运用象喻批评方法。在以往的象喻批评方法研究中,仅举一些运用象喻批评的例证,来说明什么是象喻批评。本文具体分析钟嵘《诗品》中所有运用象喻批评的例证,与作家作品紧密结合,深入探讨例子运用象喻批评的原因、方法、妙处等。通过对钟嵘《诗品》象喻批评的分析,可以发现象喻批评的例证几乎都参有其他的批评方法,与借言批评、比较批评等方法紧密结合在一起。我们在分析象喻批评方法的同时,可以从其他批评方法的视角去看,在普遍联系中研究象喻批评方法。汉字构造、批评家对中国诗歌审美特质的深刻认识、中国传统的直观感悟式思维、印度梵语诗学四个方面是中国古代独具特色的象喻批评形成的原因。我们可以发现象喻批评有着这样的演变轨迹:象喻批评启端于《诗经》、《周易》时代,魏晋南北朝时期成为独立成熟的批评方法,得到广泛的运用。唐代到清代总的发展趋势表现在“博喻”的批评方式的运用,所谓博喻也就是说多个形象同时出现。“博喻”批评方法的出现使得文学品评的气势显得更为恢弘,甚至达到铺张扬厉、令人目眩的程度。晚唐以后的象喻批评有力地突出了意境情味,展露出越来越趋向于内在的情感体悟的特点。这期间,司空图将传统的象喻批评发展到了极致,是象喻批评的集大成者。从宋代严羽开始,由于禅机的启动,象喻批评的审美理想明显地向冲淡虚空倾斜,所借之象常常是些超凡拔俗、孤寂静穆的虚境幻象而非自在的实体。同时也应注意到象喻批评方法的缺点,从一点立喻,往往会以偏概全,又或者使人不明白。象喻批评的理论形态与作品实际紧密结合,在鉴赏的基础上找出作品中的意蕴,总结文艺创作的经验和规律,理性认识往往被生气勃勃的形象所包容,象喻批评不同于西方文论的中理论性批评而形成了具有本民族特色的文学批评方法。更多还原

【Abstract】 Imagery criticism is a important and unique critical method in Chinese ancient literary critical method.The essential characteristic of this method is critics draw support from some vivid and concrete and implicit imagery or mood to explain inherent charm and total appeal of target.The research on Chinese ancient literary critical method frequently considers imagery criticism is the branch of impression criticism or appreciative criticism,its research is not abundant.This paper wants to define the concept of imagery criticism explicitly,explore the form and develop of imagery criticism,emerge the developing process of imagery criticism unequivocally.Taking Zhong Rong’Shi Pin as example to research the form and develop of imagery criticism has two reasons.Firstly, Shi Pin is the turning work of applying imagery criticism, Shi Pin has forming connecting link function in the develop of imagery criticism. Shi Pin quoted many predecessors’imagery criticism and created a great deal of vivid and concrete imagery criticism.Secondly, Shi Pin is the first poetry theory critical work in our country,poetry is the best literary genre to embody the trait of imagery criticism. Shi Pin was created in the Northern and Southern Dynasties,the connotation of imagery from philosophy and metaphysics changed to aesthetic essence, Shi Pin applies imagery critical method from literary essence. The research on before imagery criticism only cites the examples of imagery criticism to explain what is imagery criticism,this paper will analyze all examples of applying imagery criticism specifically with writers and work inseparably.This paper will explore the reason and method and subtlety of using imagery criticism.By analysis of Zhong Rong’Shi Pin imagery criticism,we can find the examples of imagery criticism almost accompany quoted criticism and comparable criticism inseparably.We can analyze imagery criticism by the visual angle of other critical methods,all the critical methods are in general relation.The structure of Chinese character and critics profoundly recognize to Chinese poetry aesthetic essence and Chinese traditional audiovisual thought and Indian poetry theory affect are the reason of the form of Chinese ancient special imagery criticism. Imagery criticism has the evolving orbit like this. Imagery criticism originated The Book of Songs and The Book of Changed,on the kingdom of Wei,the Jin Dynasty and the Northern and Southern Dynasties it became a mature and independent critical method and was applied extensively.From Tang Dynasty to Qing Dynasty its developing tendency was the applying of abundant imagery criticism, abundant imagery criticism was many images appeared at the same time.The appearing of abundant imagery criticism made momentum of literary criticism becoming magnificently even extravagantly and resplendently.After the late Tang Dynasty imagery criticism stressed creative concept forcefully and emerged a lot of inherent emotional trait.At this period, Si Kongtu made traditional imagery criticism develop advanced,he was the epitome of applying imagery criticism.From Song Dynasty Yan Yu because of the start of Zen,esthetic ideal of imagery criticism inclined dilutive and void evidently.Images usually are untrammeled and lonely void phantom not existential substance.This paper also pays attention to the defect of imagery criticism,one-sided standpoint may make people puzzled at times. The theoretical pattern of imagery criticism connects with works inseparably and searchs implication of works by appreciation. Imagery criticism summarizes experience and regularity of literary create,vital images usually forgive rational knowledge. Imagery criticism differs theoretical criticism of western literary criticism and forms Chinese characteristic literary critical method.更多还原