【作者】 贺蕴；

【导师】 周毅之；

【作者基本信息】 中共江苏省委党校 ， 行政管理， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 公平还是效率,不同的主体在不同的价值观指引下、在不同的环境作用下会作出不同的回应,如何处理这对冲突的价值范畴的关系并非易事。公平与效率的矛盾在很大程度上表现为何者具有优先性的争论上,也就是说,通常认为公平与效率并不能够兼得,两者体现到公共政策时存在着替代性。效率优先论认为,没有自由就不可能有完全竞争的市场,也就没有效率,自由既是效率的前提,又是效率的结果。在效率与公平的关系上,效率本身就体现着公平,工作勤奋的人应当获得较多的分配;分配较少的人则往往是因为懒惰,因此,如果为了弥补分配差距而对工作勤奋的人进行剥夺,这是不公平的,更不利于效率。公平优先论认为,市场机制对公平是失效的,市场并非真正按照个人实际的贡献来评价和给付报酬,存在着严重的分配不公平,而这种状况只能通过政府干预来解决。公平与效率的冲突体现到政府职能模式上,可以大致归纳为二种典型模式。一种是古典自由主义的“小政府”,这一模式认为通过市场机制可以实现资源的合理流动和分配的“帕累托状态”。因此政府不必干预经济活动,不断增进国民财富的最佳办法是给予市场以完全的自由,政府作为替市场保驾护航的“守夜人”,职能只有三项:一是保卫国家不受外来侵犯;二是保护社会成员的自然权利,包括财产和人身安全;三是提供一些公共事业和公共设施。另一种是积极自由主义“大政府”,这一模式认为市场缺陷只有通过政府机能得以弥补,主张政府对市场经济活动进行全面干预,政府干预不仅是必要的,而且是合理的。政府的一项重要职能就是对市场经济进行积极干预,运用扩张性的财政政策和货币政策及一系列规制提供必要的制度,对宏观经济进行比较全面的管理,并且通过政府直接提供物品和服务以改善人民的福利,实现“福利国家”的目标。在学者那里还存在着另一种试图超越“小政府”与“大政府”之争的“第三条道路”的政府职能模式,然而“第三条道路”在本质上说只不过是调和干预主义与市场主义两个极端的“中间道路”,强调市场机制与政府干预相辅相成,努力在自由放任与政府干预之间寻求平衡。这一模式在实践中并没能够取得预期的目标。对于我国而言,十一届三中全会以后,要求重新认识效率的作用的声音得到了决策者的支持,政府决心把经济建设调整为社会生活的主要活动,根据我国仍然处于社会主义初级阶段的实际情况提出了“效率优先,兼顾公平”的原则,并以此为根据对政府职能进行重构,这一以提高效率为导向的改革取得了巨大的成就,国家的综合国力不断增强,人民生活水平不断提高。然而,“效率优先,兼顾公平”在保持了较长时期的张力、取得了丰硕成果的同时,也产生了一些出乎决策者本意之外的社会问题,而最让人们难以容忍的是社会公平几乎消失在了“效率优先”的光环下而无所作为。居民收入差距、城乡差距不断拉大,政府应当提供的公共产品、公共服务,如义务教育、公共卫生的不充分等社会问题引起了广泛的不满。针对这些社会问题,政府感到了越来越大的对“效率优先,兼顾公平”以及政府职能进行调整的压力。“更加注重社会公平,使全体人民共享改革发展成果”作为构建社会主义和谐社会的重要保证之一被高调写入十一五规划中,引起了广泛关注。这一宣示体现了政府决心对当下改革成果分配不公平的状况进行改变的态度,体现了政府在基本政策上对引起人们严重不满的社会公平问题所进行的回应。然而,“更加注重社会公平”不仅仅是作为政治宣示,而是需要政府制定相应的政策、采取相应的措施、尤其是通过政府职能模式的转型来实现这一宣示;另一方面,“更加注重社会公平”不是也不可能是向计划体制的简单回归,公平与效率仍然是政府必须面对、妥善协调的关系,因而与之相联系的政府职能模式的选择也是一个艰难的过程,需要走出传统的线性思维,通过统筹和优化的理念,才能既保证效率,又能更好的促进社会公平。更多还原

【Abstract】 It is believed that we can not have both efficiency and fairness. On the priority to efficiency, efficiency itself embodies fairness, if we deprive the income of hard-working people to make up for the distribution gap; this is not fair and not conducive to efficiency. On the priority of fair, there is serious unfair distribution in market, and this situation should be resoled only through government intervention.The conflict of fairness and efficiency reflects in the government functions, we can broadly group into two kinds of typical pattern. One is“small government”based on classical liberalism, which believes through the market mechanism we can achieve the rational flow of resources and the "Pareto state" of distribution. The government only has three functions: First, to defend the country against foreign violations; second, to protect people’s natural rights, including property and personal safety; third, to provide some public utilities and public facilities.The other is“big government”based on positive liberalism, which advocates of the market in a comprehensive government intervention to Compensate for the shortcomings of market. The government should provide goods and services directly to improve the people’s welfare."The Third Way" tried to go beyond the "small government" and "big government". However, "the third way", in essence, just attempt to seek to a balance between laissez-faire and government intervention. The model in practice did not achieve the desired objectives.After the Third Plenary Session of the 11th CPC, according to China is still in the primary stage of socialism, the government proposed "giving priority to efficiency and giving due consideration to fairness", and reconstructed the government functions on this basis. The efficiency-oriented reform has been a tremendous success, the country’s overall national strength has been enhanced, and the people’s living standards has been improving. On the other hand, Residents of the income gap, gap between urban and rural areas, inadequate provision of public goods and public services such as compulsory education, public health have caused widespread discontent.“To emphasis greater on social justice, so that all people can share the fruits of reform and development”declares the government’s response to the serious discontent with the social justice issues. The government should still properly coordinate the relation of fairness and efficiency, and constantly improve government functions, only in this way the government can better promote social justice.更多还原