【作者】 周冉；

【导师】 尹钧； 周苏玫；

【作者基本信息】 河南农业大学 ， 作物栽培学与耕作学， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 本试验以河南省大面积播种的春性品种豫麦18、兰考矮早8及半冬性品种周麦18、豫麦49为材料,运用作物生长分析法,对不同播期处理进行实时动态记载小麦生长发育过程中温度变化,并对不同生态条件下的小麦幼穗分化、个体群体发育、干物质积累、光合性能、灌浆动态等进行了系统观察和测定,以期探明不同冬前积温条件下小麦生长发育和产量形成的规律,以及高产高效麦田对环境条件的吻合要求。试验结果概述如下:1.随着冬前积温的降低,不同生态型的两类小麦穗分化经历总的时间越来越短,且半冬性品种幼穗分化进程在各阶段均晚于春性品种,总分化时间平均比春性推迟8.5d。从穗分化各个阶段来看,整个分化过程均表现出由慢到快再到较慢的趋势。春性品种在出苗-伸长期～单棱期、半冬性品种在单棱期,随播期推迟幼穗分化时间明显增长,而后二类品种均随着播期推迟,发育速度加快,分化时间缩短。春性品种在二棱期、半冬性品种在单棱期穗分化的时间差异最大,尤其是春性品种播期Ⅱ、Ⅲ处理幼穗分化进程较快,平均比半冬性品种缩短12.5d。2.不同品种完成幼穗分化对积温的要求不同。半冬性品种需要的总积温平均在852℃·d左右,春性品种平均在735℃·d左右;随着播期的推迟,所需积温减少,春性品种下降幅度大于半冬性品种。从幼穗分化所需积温与最终产量来看,春性品种达到7000kg/hm^-2以上的高产水平,幼穗分化所需适宜积温在690℃·d左右（总时长需135d左右）,其中冬前积温需在471℃·d左右;半冬性品种达到8200kg/hm^-2左右的高产水平,幼穗分化所需总积温在900℃·d以上（总时长需151d以上）,其中冬前积温需在581℃·d以上。3.冬前积温影响着小麦个体和群体的发育。半冬性品种（周麦18、豫麦49）在不同的生育时期单株次生根数和叶面积系数均表现为播期Ⅰ＞播期Ⅱ＞播期Ⅲ。春性品种（豫麦18、兰考矮早8）的单株次生根数和叶面积系数在越冬前表现为播期Ⅰ＞播期Ⅱ＞播期Ⅲ,随着生育期的推进,播期Ⅱ的小麦发育良好,表现出播期Ⅱ＞播期Ⅰ＞播期Ⅲ。群体数量的动态变化也表现出相似的规律,半冬性品种以播期Ⅰ最大,播期Ⅱ次之,播期Ⅲ最小。春性品种在冬前仍以播期Ⅰ较大,但在拔节后播期Ⅱ群体最大。12个品种播期处理组合中,豫麦49播期Ⅰ（10/15）群体最大,达719×10⁴·hm^-2,兰考矮8播期Ⅲ（10/31）群体最小,为385×10⁴·hm^-2。4.冬前积温和品种处理组合制约着小麦干物质积累及籽粒灌浆速度。开花前单株的干物重随生育期推进不断增加。拔节后半冬性品种仍以播期Ⅰ处理增加速度快,干物重最大,播期Ⅱ次之,播期Ⅲ最小;春性品种则以播期Ⅱ处理干物重最大,播期Ⅲ最小。开花后四个品种籽粒灌浆速率均呈单峰曲线,峰值在花后25d,峰值之前春性品种（豫麦18、兰考矮8）的灌浆速率高于半冬性品种（周麦18、豫麦49）,峰值之后下降幅度也大于半冬性品种;春性品种以播期Ⅱ处理灌浆速率最大,半冬性品种仍以播期Ⅰ处理的最大。5.分析不同冬前积温下不同温光型品种的光合性能及光能利用率,结果表明,中播（播期Ⅱ）对于提高豫麦18、兰考矮早8旗叶光合速率Pn、群体光合速率CAP、旗叶荧光动力学参数Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo及最终群体籽粒光能利用率较为有利,而早播（播期Ⅰ）对于提高周麦18、豫麦49上述参数较为有利。综合研究表明,春性品种豫麦18、兰考矮早8这两个品种播期应该晚于半冬性品种,普通情况下河南省豫西地区在满足冬前积温471℃·d（10月23日左右）,日均温13.79℃播种较适宜,可以协调产量构成因素,产量较高;半冬性品种周麦18、豫麦49在满足冬前积温581℃·d（10月15日前后）,日均温14.80℃播种为宜,保证其有足够的冬前积温来正常完成幼穗分化,且产量较播期Ⅱ和播期Ⅲ平均高出13.33%.更多还原

【Abstract】 Abstract:The experiment uses the spring variety such as Yumai 18,Lankaoaizao 8, and the weak winter variety such as Zhoumai 18,Yumai 49 as material,which are widely sowed in Henan.Adopting the analytical method of the crops growth,for different sowing times,it takes real-time records on changes of the temperature during the wheat’s development;for different ecological conditions,it systematically observes and determines the spike differentiation,population development, photosynthesis,grain filling rate.So that it can prove up the forming regulation of wheat’s growth and production on the condition of the different accumulated temperatures before winter and the requirements to the environment for wheat field of high production and high efficiency.The results of the experiment is stating as below:1.As the delay of sowing time,the fringe spike’s differentiation procession of two different ecotype wheat varieties delays.But in any phase,the differentiation procession of the weak winter variety is later than the spring variety（delay 8.5d on average）.From the differentiation rate of the fringe spike,the processions in the three sowing treatments all have the tend of low to fast and then to slow.The spike differentiation of springiness wheat does not require low temperature strictly, but need a bit in double ridges.Weak winter variety need rigorous low temperature to pass single ridge.The differentiation times of the two varieties expresses as:treatmentⅠ＞treatmentⅡ＞treatmentⅢ;The differentiation procession of treatmentⅡand treatmentⅢof spring variety is faster and 12.5d shorter than that of the same treatment of weak winter variety on average.2.The spike differentiation of different varieties has different requirements to the accumulated temperature.Weak winter variety needs the general accumulated temperature of about 852℃.d,and the spring variety needs the general accumulated temperature of about 735℃.d.With the delay of the sowing time and the reduction of the accumulated temperature,the reducing rate of the spring variety is larger than the weak winter variety.From the accumulated temperature and final production of the young ears,if the production of spring variety up to 000kg/hm^-2,it needs 690℃·d（total time need about 135 days）,and the accumulated temperature should be about 471℃·d before winter;While if the production of weak winter variety up to about 8200kg/hm^-2,it needs above 900℃·d（total time need up to 151 days）,and the accumulated temperature should be above 581℃·d before winter.3.The sowing time influences the wheat’s individual and population development. In the different growing periods,the single plant’s rooting numbers and area coefficient of weak winter variety（Zhoumai 18,Yumai 49）are treatmentⅠ＞treatmentⅡ＞treatmentⅢ.While before winter,those of the spring variety（Yumai 18,Lankaoaizao 8）are also treatmentⅠ＞treatmentⅡ＞treatmentⅢ.With the growing procession,the treatmentⅡgrows well,and it is treatmentⅡ＞treatmentⅠ＞treatmentⅢ.The dynamic changes of population numbers also have similar regulations.The treatmentⅠof weak winter variety is the largest, the treatmentⅡis larger and the treatmentⅢis the least large.Before winter, the treatmentⅠof spring variety is the largest,but after shooting,the amount of middle sowing is the largest.In the combination of the management to the 12 kinds’ treatments,the amount of treatmentⅠabout Yumai 49（10/15）is the largest,up to 719×10⁴·hm^-2,the amount of treatmentⅢabout Lankaoaizao 8 （10/31）is the smallest,up to 385×10⁴·hm^-2.4.The sowing time and the combination of the management to the varieties control the accumulation of dry matter and the grain filling rate of the wheat. Before blooming,the weight of single dry matter continually increases with the growing accession.In early sowing,weak winter variety has the fastest increasing rate,largest dry matter weight,then is middle sowing,and last is the late sowing; for spring variety,the middle sowing is the largest and late sowing is the smallest. After blooming,the filling rate of these four kinds is all expressed as unimodal curve,and the peak value is 25d after blooming.Before peak value,the filling rate of spring variety（Yumai 18,Lankaoaizao 8）is higher than weak winter variety（Zhoumai 18,Yumai 49）,and after the peak value,its reducing rate is also larger than weak winter variety.For the spring variety,the grain filling rate of middle sowing is the largest;while for the weak winter variety,the early sowing is the largest. 5.Analyze the photosynthesis and the solar energy utilization rate of different varieties in different sowing times.The result shows that:middle sowing is more useful for improving the Pn,CAP,Fv/Fm,Fv/Fo and group solar energy utilization rate of Lankaoaizao 8,while early sowing is more useful for these above items to Zhoumai 18,Yumai 49.The comprehensive research shows that:the sowing time of spring variety-Yumai 18,Lankaoaizao 8 should be later than weak winter wheat.In usual cases,it is suitable to sow at the accumulated temperature of 471℃·d（about Oct. 23）before wintering and average temperature at 13.79℃to the south area in Henan.For weak winter variety-Zhoumai 18,Yumai 49,it is suitable to sow at the accumulated temperature of 581℃·d（about Oct.15）before wintering and average temperature at 14.80℃,so that it can have enough accumulated temperature before winter for spike differentiation and its production is 13.33%higher than that of middle sowing and late sowing.更多还原