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肝移植受者症状经历与生存质量的相关性研究

Impact of Symptoms Experience and Quality of Life in Liver Transplant Recipients

【作者】 赖莉

【导师】 李晓玲;

【作者基本信息】 四川大学 , 护理学, 2007, 硕士

【摘要】 研究目的:1.了解肝移植受者术后的生存质量及其影响因素。2.了解肝移植受者在存活过程中的症状经历情况。3.描述肝移植受者存活过程中症状经历与其生存质量的相关性。研究方法:本研究采用横断面调查研究,抽样方法为便利抽样。对1999年~2006年在某综合医院肝移植中心接受原位肝移植手术(OrthotopicLiver Transplantation,OLT)并符合纳入和排除标准的肝移植受者通过问卷方式,调查其生存质量及症状经历情况。资料收集时间为2006年9月25—11月30日。问卷由4部分组成:健康调查简表(SF-36);肝移植受者症状自评量表;社会支持评定量表;移植受者一般情况调查表。本次研究共发放问卷148份,回收143份,回收率96.62%,剔出缺失条目超过10%的问卷1份,以及80%问卷条目选择相同选项的问卷1份,实际回收有效问卷141份,有效应答率为95.27%。采用均数及标准差、率及构成比等对样本资料进行统计学描述;采用单样本t检验将肝移植受者的生存质量与常模相比较;采用t检验、Kruskal Wallis检验、F检验、多重比较分析及Mann—Whitney检验,对肝移植受者的一般资料以及临床资料与其生存质量和症状经历的关系进行分析;肝移植受者躯体健康相关生存质量和心理健康相关生存质量的影响因素采用多元逐步回归分析。社会支持与肝移植受者症状经历及生存质量的相关性,症状经历和生存质量的相关性采用spearman相关分析。使用SPSSl3.0统计软件进行统计分析。研究结果:1.研究显示,与常模相比肝移植受者生存质量的8个方面均低于常模,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。2.对肝移植受者的一般资料与其生存质量的关系研究结果显示,不同年龄、性别、文化程度以及家庭人均月收入的肝移植受者,其生存质量存在差异。年龄≤45岁的肝移植受者在躯体健康相关的生存质量4个方面平均分值高于年龄>45岁的肝移植受者,但在心理健康相关的4个方面,其平均分值低于年龄>45岁的肝移植受者,尤其在活力方面,两组存在明显差异(P<0.05)。男性肝移植受者与女性肝移植受者相比,其生存质量的8个方面分值均高于女性,在躯体功能方面男性明显优于女性(P<0.05)。不同文化程度的研究对象其生存质量存在明显差异,在生存质量的8个方面中,大学及以上文化程度的肝移植受者在7个方面的得分均高于中学文化程度和小学及以下文化程度的肝移植受者,并且各分值随文化程度的降低而下降。在一般健康状况和情绪角色功能方面三组对象存在显著差异(P<0.05)。组间比较显示,在一般健康状况方面,小学文化程度的研究对象明显差于中学和大学以上文化程度的研究对象(P<0.05)。在情绪角色功能方面,小学文化程度的研究对象明显差于大学以上文化程度的研究对象(P<0.05)。家庭人均月收入对肝移植受者生存质量的影响显示,家庭人均收入>2000元/月的肝移植受者其生存质量得分最高,其次为家庭人均收入1000~2000元/月者,最差的是家庭人均收入<1000元/月者。在一般健康状况方面,家庭人均收入<1000元/月者明显差于家庭人均收入>2000元/月者,且在心理健康方面明显差于家庭人均收入在1000元/月以上的研究对象(P<0.05)。此外,婚姻状况、工作状况、医疗费用支付方式对移植受者生存质量的影响不明显,差异不具统计学意义(P>0.05)。3.对肝移植受者临床资料与其生存质量的关系研究结果显示,移植术后不同生存时段的肝移植受者在躯体功能、躯体角色功能、躯体疼痛、社会功能和情绪角色功能5个方面均有显著差异。在这五个方面的得分最高的是存活时间>25个月的肝移植受者,其次为存活时间在13~24个月的肝移植受者,得分最低为存活时间在3~12个月的肝移植受者。在躯体功能、躯体角色功能、躯体疼痛和社会功能方面,存活3~12个月的肝移植受者其生存质量明显差于存活13~24个月和存活>25个月的肝移植受者(P<0.05)。在情绪角色功能方面,存活3~12个月的肝移植受者明显差于存活>25个月的肝移植受者(P<0.05)。采用以CsA为基础的免疫抑制方案的肝移植受者在躯体角色功能和社会功能方面明显优于采用以FK506为基础的免疫抑制方案的肝移植受者(P<0.05)。此外,原发疾病为良性终末期肝病或肝脏恶性肿瘤,以及移植手术前肝病严重程度Child-Pugh分级为A级、B级或C级,对肝移植受者的生存质量影响无统计学意义(P>0.05)。4.对肝移植受者的一般资料和临床资料与其症状经历的关系研究结果显示,在移植受者的一般资料中,除文化程度对移植受者的症状经历产生影响,即小学文化程度组的研究对象,其症状评分显著高于文化程度为中学和大学以上研究对象,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。其余因素,包括年龄、性别、婚姻状况、工作状况、家庭人均月收入及医疗费用支付方式对肝移植受者的症状经历无明显影响。原发疾病为良性终末期肝病的移植受者其经历的症状数量明显多于肝脏恶性肿瘤肝移植受者,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Child-Pugh分级为C级的肝移植受者经历的症状数量明显多于ChiId-Pugh分级为A级和B级的肝移植受者,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。5.对影响肝移植受者生存质量诸多因素作多元逐步回归分析显示,症状经历评分、移植术后生存时间、家庭人均月收入3项因素进入以躯体健康相关生存质量为因变量的回归方程,是肝移植受者躯体健康相关生存质量的显著独立危险因素,三者共同解释了36.3%的生存质量(P<0.01)。其中症状经历评分是第一位危险因素,单独解释了16.3%的生存质量。此外,症状经历评分、家庭人均月收入、社会支持总分、移植术后生存时间4项因素进入以心理健康相关生存质量为因变量的回归方程,是肝移植受者心理健康相关生存质量的显著独立危险因素,三者共同解释了40%的生存质量(P<0.01)。其中症状经历评分是第一位危险因素,单独解释了26.6%的生存质量。6.肝移植受者的社会支持的客观支持、主观支持及社会支持总分与其症状经历呈显著负相关,与心理健康相关生存质量呈显著正相关。肝移植受者的社会支持与其躯体健康相关生存质量无明显相关关系。7.调查结果显示,肝移植受者在生存过程中至少经历2个以上的不同症状,症状经历最多者有30个症状,每个移植受者平均需要承受16个症状。肝移植受者最常见的10项症状为:疲倦乏力(121例,85.8%)、失眠(113例,80.1%)、烦躁易怒(106例,75.2%)、食欲旺盛(103例,73%)、情绪低落(98例,69.5%)、视力下降(93例,66%)、头昏头痛(89例,63.1%)、体重增加(88例,62.4%)、腹胀(83例,58.9%)、腹泻(80例,56.7%)。8.将肝移植受者的单个症状与其生存质量作相关性分析,研究显示,31项症状中的26项症状与肝移植受者的生存质量呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。其中,有17项症状影响肝移植受者超过4个方面的生存质量。最常见的10项症状中体重增加、食欲旺盛和视力下降与生存质量无明显相关关系,其余7项症状显示与生存质量的不同方面呈显著负相关。疲倦乏力(r=-0.272~-0.566)、失眠(r=-0.178~-0.355)、烦躁易怒(r=-0.261~-0.500)、情绪低落(r=-0.220~-0.529)、头昏头痛(r=-0.217~-0.324)、腹胀(r=-0.191~-0.341)、腹泻(r=0.225)。结论:1.与一般人群相比,肝移植受者术后生存质量的各个方面均显著降低。但是,肝移植术后随着移植受者生存时间的延长,其生存质量可获得逐步改善。2.不同性别、年龄、文化程度、家庭人均月收入的肝移植受者,其生存质量存在差异。男性、年长者、文化程度较高、家庭人均月收入较高的肝移植受者生存质量较好。文化程度较低、Chiid-Pugh分级为C级以及原发疾病为良性终末期肝病的肝移植受者,其症状经历相对较差。3.获得社会支持更多的肝移植受者其症状经历及生存质量均较好。4.肝移植受者的症状经历评分、移植术后生存时间、社会支持总分以及家庭人均月收入是其生存质量的独立危险因素,且肝移植受者的症状经历评分是最显著独立危险因素。5.肝移植受者在术后的存活过程中普遍经历多项症状,其症状经历与生存质量之间存在显著负相关关系。其中,疲倦乏力、失眠、情绪低落、烦躁易怒、头昏头痛、腹泻和腹胀是肝移植受者最常见的症状,且与其生存质量相关关系较密切,是迫切需要进行干预和管理的症状。由此可见,肝移植受者在术后的长期存活过程中生存质量低于一般人群,其中受者所承受的症状经历是主要的影响因素。因此,医务人员以及临床随访工作人员在临床工作中应重视肝移植术后长期存活受者的症状经历管理,采取有效的措施对患者的躯体症状和心理症状进行干预,有助于提高和改善肝移植受者的生存质量。

【Abstract】 Objective: This study aimed to describe symptom experience and quality of life (OOL) in liver transplant recipients; to identify the factors that predict their quality of life; to test the relati- -onship between symptoms experience of liver transplant recipi -ents and their health-related quality of life.Methods: This study is a cross-sectional, descriptive design. A structured questionnaire was used to gather data: The Self-report Symptom Check-List for liver transplant recipient developed by researchers through a literature review was used to gather self-reported data on presence or absence of symptoms, intensity of present symptoms; The social support questionnaire was used to gather data about availability and amount of social support of liver transplant recipients; and QOL variables (domains) was collected by Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36 (MOS SF-36). The demographic data was collected from liver transplant recipients and clinical records. Database records of 148 liver transplant recipients who are currently alive and received liver transplantation between 1999 to 2006 were approached for participation in this study and asked to complete the structured questionnaire. The data of 141 recipients were obtained from September 25, 2006 to November 30, 2006. The response rate was 95.27%.Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS 13.0) for Windows software application program. Statistical methods such as t-test, Kruskal Wallis H, One-way ANOVA, Mann-whitney U, Stepwise multiple regression and Spearman rank correlation were used to assess the questionnaires.Results:1. Compare with a reference general population, the liver transplant recipients showed a significantly worse HRQoL score on all domains of the SF-36 scales (P<0.05). As the surviving time extending, however, the QOL can be improved gradually.2. Examining the relationships between demographic variables and QOL showed: age、sex、level of education、family income were significantly associated to QOL (P<0.05). The higher education level、more work hours and family income linked with better QOL. Marital status、occupation、medical payment status were not associated with QOL (P>0.05). Moreover, patients with or without hepatic cancer and their Child-Pugh classification were not associated with QOL.3. Examining the relationships between variables and symptom experience showed: All demographic variables except Level of education were not associated with symptom experience. Lower education level reported poorer symptom experience (P<0.05). Patients with benign End—stage liver disease and patients with Child-Pugh classification C reported more symptoms (P<0.05).4. The result of the stepwise multiple regression analysis in prediction QOL showed: overall symptom experience score、long-time surviving after transplantation operation、social support score and family monthly income were significant predictors of QOL, and explained 36.3% and 40% of the total variance in physical-related QOL and psychological-related QOL respectively. The overall symptom experience score was the most significant predictor, which separately accounted for 16.3% and 26.6% of variance of physical -related QOL and psychological-related QOL respectively.6. Social support factors were associated to QOL and symptom experience. The objective support、the subjective support and the total social support score were positively related to mental health related QOL (P<0.05) (r=0.22~0.40). The objective support、the subjective support and the total social support score were negatively related to the symptom experience (P<0.05) (r=-0.193~0.319).7. liver transplant recipients experienced many symptoms (mean 15.75±.6.03, range 2-30of 31). The most frequently occurring symptoms were: fatigue and drowsy (85.8%)、sleeplessness (80.1%)、mood swings (75.2%)、excessive appetite(73%)、depression(69.5%)、poor vision (66%)、dizzy and headache (63.1%)、increased weight(62.4%)、abdominal distension(58.9%)、diarrhea (56.7%). 17 symptoms out of 31 were most strongly associated with poorer HRQL in more than half of the SF-36 subscales. Of the 10 top prevalence symptoms, 7 had a significant relationship to more than 1 of the HRQL subscales: fatigue and drowsy (r=-0.272~0.566)、sleeplessness ( r=-0.178~-0.355)、mood swings (r=-0.261~-0.500)、depression (r=-0.220~-0.529)、dizzy and headache (r=-0.217~-0.324)、abdominal distension (r=-0.191~-0.341)、diarrhea (r=-0.225)。Conclusion:1. Compared with a general population, liver transplant recipients demonstrated a significantly reduced HRQoL. But evidence showed the longer the patients alive the better QOL obtained.2. The variables such as sex、age、level of education、family income were associated with QOL. Male、older、higher level of education and more family income were associated with better QOL. 3. Patients with higher education level had better symptom experience. And those with Child-Pugh classification C and patient with benign End—stage liver disease experienced more symptoms.4. overall symptom experience score、long-time surviving after transplantation operation、social support score and family monthly income were significant predictors of QOL. The overall symptom experience score was the most significant predictor.5. Liver transplant recipients experienced many symptoms. Poorer symptoms experiences were strongly associated with worse HRQL. fatigue and drowsy、sleeplessness、mood swings、depression、dizzy and headache、abdominal distension、diarrhea are urgent symptoms need intervention.The symptoms experience is very important factor which is significantly associated with health-related quality of life in liver transplant recipients. In such patients, targeting specific symptoms may improve health-related quality of life.

【关键词】 肝移植生存质量症状经历
【Key words】 Liver transplantQuality of lifeSymptom experience
  • 【网络出版投稿人】 四川大学
  • 【网络出版年期】2008年 04期
  • 【分类号】R473.6
  • 【被引频次】5
  • 【下载频次】442
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