【作者】 李天昊；

【导师】 刘霞；

【作者基本信息】 吉林农业大学 ， 生态学， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 膜荚黄芪(Astragalus membranaceus(Fisch．)Bge．)为豆科黄芪属植物，以根入药。其采收以3～4年生为好，而目前生产中一般都在1～2年进行采挖，影响了药材质量。如何深入开发膜荚黄芪的生态、经济价值，综合利用资源以保证采收年限及药材质量，同时降低药材生产带来的环境影响，成为膜荚黄芪生产中值得深入探讨的问题。本文在前人研究的基础上，对膜荚黄芪地上部废弃物茎、叶、果皮的化感活性进行了初步研究，研究了膜荚黄芪水浸液对植物种子萌发、昆虫幼虫生长、存活及对真菌菌丝生长的影响。为膜荚黄芪活性物质利用及深入开发膜荚黄芪的生态、经济价值提供理论依据。研究膜荚黄芪水浸液对植物种子萌发的影响，发现其水浸液具有抑制萌发能力，并包括他感和自毒两个方面。萌发抑制处理需要持续一定时间。果皮的水浸液具有较高的抑制萌发活性，叶水浸液居中，茎水浸液较弱。降低处理液浓度，萌发抑制率下降。膜荚黄芪不同部位制得的水浸母液对白菜、黄芪种子萌发抑制率均可达到100％。叶水浸液处理能够对不同植物发芽产生抑制，对十字花科、豆科、梧桐科、茄科、百合科实验材料形成完全抑制；对菊科、禾本科部分实验材料可达完全抑制；而对葫芦科黄瓜(Cucumis sativus L．)、菊科的波斯菊(Cosmos bipinnata Cav．)和禾本科的玉米(Zea mays L．)没有完全抑制萌发，但其发芽指数、活力指数均下降，幼苗胚根长缩短。不同年生、浸泡时间及高温灭菌对膜荚黄芪叶水浸液萌发抑制活性无显著影响。渗透势对发芽结果能够产生一定的影响，但抑制能力有限。进行了膜荚黄芪水浸液对昆虫幼虫的化感活性初试，发现膜荚黄芪不同部位水浸液对黄粉虫(Tenebrio molitor Linnaeu)幼虫具有的较高的触杀活性。果皮水浸液浸虫处理，黄粉虫的死亡率到第3天可达50％；叶水浸液接触处理，3日死亡率可达55％。不同部位水浸液对黄粉虫幼虫也具有胃毒活性，喂食后造成死亡。果皮水浸液处理死亡率可达45％。浸虫处理后黄粉虫的蜕皮率降低，果皮水浸液处理后仅为水浸对照的25％；而喂食水浸液处理食物后黄粉虫蜕皮率上升。考察了膜荚黄芪水浸液对真菌茵丝生长的抑制活性，结果表明，膜荚黄芪水浸液的抑菌能力可能具有选择性。使用4年生膜荚黄芪的叶，茎和果皮48h水浸液对曲霉属及青霉属真菌进行了抑菌能力实验，发现膜荚黄芪的果皮水浸液对帚状曲霉(Aspergillus penicilloides Speg．)、产紫青霉(Penicillium purpurogenum Stoll．)、顶青霉(Penicillium corylophilum Dierckx．)菌丝生长具有一定的抑制能力。更多还原

【Abstract】 Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. is a species of Leguminosae. Its roots are Chinesetraditional herb. The market requirement of the herb is quite large. As Chinese traditional medicinalmaterials, it’s better to be harvested in 3-4 years after being planted. But now it is harvested in only 1-2years, it has bad influence on the quality of the medicinal materials. How to develop the value ofeco-economy and improve the investment return to ensure enough planting cycle and the quality ofmedicine, reduce the pollution ofA. membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. planting, is becoming a question in theway of A. membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. production.Based on the former researches, studied the allelopathy of the leaves,stalk and pericarp of A.membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge..Studied the influences on germination of plants, death rate of insect larvaand toxicity to fungi. Supplied theoretical basis for A. membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. developing, such asactive substances researching, eco-economy developing, etc.By the studies on the influences of its aqueous extracts on plants, the results show the aqueousextracts of A. membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. has allelopathy activity on other plants and itself, thetreatment must last enough time. The aqueous extracts of pericarp has the highest allelopathy activity ongermination of plants, leaves’ in the middle, the stalk’s has lowest activity. Its aqueous extracts of leavescan anti-germinate different plants. The germinating rate of Cruciferae, Leguminosae, Sterculiaceae andLiliaceae is 0. The germinating rate of Cucumis sativus L., Cosmos bipinnatus, and Zea mays Linn. isnot 0, but the value of germinating index, and activity index all descended. The allelopathy activity hasno obvious differences among the materials of the different planting years, different waterlogging timesand different temperatures. Solute potential has some influences on their germination rate, but theirinfluence is small.By the researches of allelopathy activity of its aqueous extracts on insects, found out it has obviousallelopathy activity on larvae of Tenebrio molitor Linnaeu. Waterlogged its larvae with pericarp, thedeath rate is 50％in 3rd day, and keep touching with the aqueous extracts of its leaves, the death rate is55％in 3rd day. Feeded them the food waterlogged with different aqueous extracts, it resulted in thelarva death, too. The death rate can be 45％, and the ecdysis rate be only 25％of the CK with thetreatment of its aqueous extracts of pericarp. But feeded them the food waterlogged with differentaqueous extracts, the ecdysis rate are higher than that of the CK. In the studies on the toxicity of its aqueous extracts on fungi, found that there can be selectivity inthe toxicity on fungi. By the treatment on four Aspergillus (Mich.) Link strains and three PenicilliumLink strains with its aqueous of the leaves, stalks and pericarps, found the aqueous extracts ofpericarp has some toxicity activity on Aspergillus penicilloides Speg, P. purpurogenum and P.corylophilum.更多还原