【作者】 梁利民；

【导师】 张建民；

【作者基本信息】 湘潭大学 ， 马克思主义哲学， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 科学哲学对西方经济学方法论有深远而重大的影响。本文所论述的经济学方法论就是指科学哲学在经济学中的运用,实证主义哲学作为科学哲学的典型形态,理所当然地成为了证实主义经济学方法论的哲学基础。实证主义认为哲学应该局限于经验,应该抛弃“形而上学”,知识的经验论证明是认识论的中心问题,应该致力于理论的经验还原。它的这些理论和方法对证实主义经济学方法论产生了重要影响,促进了数理经济学和计量经济学的发展,但是也导致了经济学人文特质的丧失。从约翰·穆勒、凯尔恩斯、凯恩斯到罗宾斯,证实主义经济学方法论走过了其辉煌历程,他们对这种方法论也进行了充分的阐述。在这个过程中,“穆勒问题”始终是证实主义经济学方法论难以逾越的障碍,经验事实对经济理论的明显证伪,加上对经济理论检验的困难给证实主义经济学方法论带来了前所未有的挑战。证实主义经济学方法论并不是对理论的错误或正确做出判断,而是建立理论运用的范围和寻找其边界的方法。从本质上讲,它是一种防卫性的方法,重视经济理论的解释作用,而忽视其预测作用。“休谟问题”使归纳法的合理性遭到质疑,知识可靠性的基础产生了动摇;“休谟铡刀”使证实主义经济学方法论越来越远离伦理价值判断,经济学缺乏人文关怀;加上证实原则的局限性和证实原则的逻辑错误,使经济理论的完全证实成为梦想。随着证伪主义的兴起,证实主义经济学方法论的衰落已是大势所趋。其实,只要引入马克思的实践观点,以上问题就能迎刃而解;实践直接现实性的优点和辩证本性,使证实主义经济学方法论获得全新的视角,经济理论的证实有了新的内涵。作为先进的经济学方法论,马克思主义经济学方法论与证实主义经济学方法论有本质的区别,主要是哲学基础保障的区别、学科性质认知的区别和理论体系建构的区别。前者是在辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义的基础上,坚持能动的唯物主义反映论,认为经济学是科学性和人文性的统一,用科学抽象法建构经济理论大厦;而后者却是在实证主义哲学的基础上,坚持经验主义的反映论,强调经济学的科学性,而忽视其人文性,在归纳法的基础上,进行抽象演绎,建构经济理论的假设—演绎模型。综上所述,科学的经济学方法论应该是证实和证伪的统一,实证分析和规范分析的统一,逻辑的和历史的统一。西方传统哲学中的科学主义和人本主义相结合才是经济学方法论发展的科学之路。更多还原

【Abstract】 The scientific philosophy has profound and important influence on the western economic methodology. The discussion of the methodology of economics in this paper is the usage of scientific philosophy in the economics, and positivism is the typical form of the scientific philosophy, becoming the philosophical foundation of the verificationism’s economic methodology doubtlessly. The positivist thought the philosophy should be limited to experience, should abandon“metaphysics", the empirical confirmation of knowledge should be the epistemological central problem, should concentrate on the empirical revivification of the theory. Its theories and methods had greatly influenced on the verificationism’s economic methodology, then promoted the development of the symbolic economics and the econometrics, and also caused the loss of the economic humanistic spirit.From John·Mill, Cairnes, Keynes to Robbins, the verificationism’s economic methodology had walked through the glorious process, and they had expatiated on the verificationism’s economic methodology elaborately well. In this process, "The problem of Mill" was always an obstacle that couldn’t be surmounted to the verificationism’s economic methodology. The empirical fact didn’t match with the economic theory obviously, and the difficulty which the economic theory was verified had brought the verificationism’s economic methodology an unprecedented challenge. The verificationism’s economic methodology isn’t to do a judgment to the mistake or correctness of the theory, but to look for the scope and boundary for the usage of theory. Speaking from the essence, it is a kind of defensive method that puts importance on the explanatory function of the economic theory, but neglects its estimative function. "The problem of Hume" made the rationality of the inductive method oppugned, the foundation of the credible knowledge agitated;“The hay cutter of Hume" made the verificationism’s economic methodology keep off the ethical value’s judgment more and more, and the economics lack humanistic concern; the principle of verification had limitations and the logic mistake too. The above reasons made the complete verification of the economic theory to be a dream. As the falsificationism appeared, the comedown of the verificationism’s economic methodology was already an irresistible trend. In fact, as long as we bring in Marx’s standpoint of practice, the above problems can be resolved satisfactorily; Practice has the firsthand advantage of reality and the dialectical character, which make verificationism’s economic methodology acquire the new angle of view, the confirmation of the economic theory has the new content. Being an advanced economic methodology, the differences between the Marxist economic methodology and the verificationism’s economic methodology are entitative. There are mainly the differences of the guarantee of the philosophical foundation, the cognition of the subject character and the construction of the theoretical system .The former is the methodology that insists on the active materialistic theory of reflection under dialectical materialism and historical materialism. It thinks the economics should be the union of scientism and humanism and sets up the system of the economic theory with the scientific abstract method. But the foundation of the latter is positivism, it is the methodology that asserts empirical theory of reflection, and emphasizes on scientism of the economics but neglects its humanism. It carries on deduction by induction and sets up the assumption-deduction model of the economic theory. In a word, the scientific economic methodology should be the dialectical union of verification and falsification, positivism and norm, logic and history. The combination of scientism and humanism in the western traditional philosophy is the scientific road of the economic methodology’s development.更多还原