【作者】 陈艳；

【导师】 雷朝亮；

【作者基本信息】 华中农业大学 ， 农业昆虫与害虫防治， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 黑翅土白蚁是危害农林植物和水库堤坝的重要害虫。本文以黑翅土白蚁为研究对象，从行为学角度对黑翅土白蚁巢群间竞争和种间竞争行为进行了研究，在研究中运用新指标将其竞争激烈程度进行量化比较，其主要研究结果如下：1．巢龄差异较大的黑翅土白蚁巢群间相容性研究巢龄差异较大的黑翅土白蚁巢群间有较强的斗争性，无论同品级还是不同品级间均不能相容。两巢白蚁在刚放入时斗争最为激烈，随着斗争时间的延续，其斗争呈现逐渐减弱的趋势，最后几乎不发生争斗。处于发育兴盛期巢体的白蚁无论是在同品级还是不同品级试验中表现出的斗争力均强于处于衰退期巢体的白蚁，在自然环境中巢龄差异较大的黑翅土白蚁巢体不可能通过并巢合群来实现种群的演替。2．巢龄相当的黑翅土白蚁巢群间相容性研究对巢龄相当的巢群同品级间相容性研究表明，工蚁和兵蚁都仅在刚放入时发生争斗，且在双方数量相当的情况下(1∶1)最为激烈。其中一巢体的兵蚁具有较强的竞争力，与不同品级间相容性研究中的结果一致。不同品级相容性研究中，双方白蚁也只在数量相当且刚放入的情况下发生明显争斗，但半小时后就趋于平静，导致斗争减弱的原因并非是由刚开始激烈的争斗导致体力急速减退和高死亡率引起的，因为24h后死亡率最高的一方也低于30％，对整个巢群而言并无太大影响。与前一研究结果比较发现，巢龄相当的黑翅土白蚁巢群间的争斗现象不太激烈。3．黑翅土白蚁巢群间竞争的影响因素研究研究结果表明，异巢白蚁总数的差异只在招集兵蚁方面产生影响。而兵蚁数量差异对巢群间竞争的影响表现在兵蚁比例较高、数量差异不大时，挖通次数较多；而在兵蚁比例较高、数量差异也较大时，兵蚁所行路程显著较长，因为兵蚁数量较多，分布相应较散，所以在危险发生时，必然有些个体离得较远，赶至惊扰地的路程较长；当双方兵蚁数量差异较大时，相同时间赶到惊扰地的兵蚁数也存在差异，所以单头兵蚁的撕咬时间差异较为显著。蚁道宽度决定了白蚁在其内只能单列行进，极大的限制了兵蚁赶至惊扰地的速率；因此，能够在较短时间内招集较多兵蚁的巢群更具竞争力。在有食物的情况下，黑翅土白蚁对外扩张的趋势就较弱，围绕食源就近发展，相反，没有食物的巢群以觅食为目的，由中心向外发散扩展，无论主蚁道或是分支都多于前者，但两者间差异不显著。4．巢龄相当黑翅土白蚁种间竞争的研究在室内研究了黑翅土白蚁与家白蚁和黑胸散白蚁的相容性。试验观察发现，不同种白蚁一相遇，双方工蚁和兵蚁就立即进入激烈的嘶咬斗争，黑翅土白蚁工蚁的斗争能力明显强于另外两个种群的工蚁；兵蚁和工蚁的斗争能力互不影响。上述结果说明，自然界中不可能出现黑翅土白蚁与家白蚁和黑胸散白蚁群体的偶然性融合，黑翅土白蚁很可能在其群体建立的地区占据优势。更多还原

【Abstract】 Odontermes formosanus (Shiraki) is an important pest of agronomic crops, plantations and forestry, and badly destroys earthen dikes and dams. The colony competition and inter-speific competition from different colonys for O. formosanus were studied from the perspective of the behavior in the thesis. Furthermore, new indicators were used on quantifying and contrasting the level of competition, the major results are summarized as following:1. Study on inter-colony competition for O. formosanus in different colony ageThere was obvious conflictive between groups of O. formosanus in different colony age, no matter the same or different castes they all could not be compatible. When termits from different colonies were blended together, they displayed an immediate mutual aggressiveness. The struggle times presented the decreasing trend, finally almost no struggle happened. The same regardless of castes test different manifestations of the struggle of all, O. formosanus in growing prosperity colony age (colony A) was stronger than in decaying colony age (colony B). O. formosanus colony body in different age was impossible to achieve reliance struggle succession. There were no possibility that termites of O. formosanus in different colony age amalgamation by accident at all in the nature, the amalgamation way could not be the race multiplying natural way at all.2. Study on inter-colony competition for O. formosanus in the same colony ageThe research showed that caste compatibility between workers and soldiers from the same age colony displayed an immediate mutual aggressiveness, when the blending proportion was 1:1, the struggle was more fierce. Soldiers from Colony C were relatively competitive, with the compatibility between different castes study the results. Different castes compatibility study, the two colonies displayed an immediate mutual aggressiveness, but calming down 0.5h after they were blended together. The reason for the struggle decline was not the fierce struggle at the beginning, that led to the rapid physical decline and high mortality rate caused by, because 24 h later, the highest mortality rate was also lower than 30%, the impact to whole colony was not that great. The results showed that O. formosanus in the same colony age had low-intensity struggling phenomenon. It was possible for O. formosanus in the same colony age amalgamation by accident at all in the nature, the amalgamation way could be the race multiplying natural way.3. Study on factors impacting inter-colony competition for O. formosanusThe results showed that difference between the termite total had impacted on convening soldiers only. And numbers of soldier impacting on competition had reflected in higher ratio of soldiers, quantity did not differ greatly, most often dig through tunnels; the higher ratio of soldiers was quite different, distance soldiers walking were significantly longer because the larger soldier quantities, casual than the corresponding distribution when a danger happened, there were bound to relatively individuals, rushing from the long distance; When soldiers from two colonies were very different in number, numbers of soldiers rushing in the same time were different. Therefore, differences of single soldier beating time were significant. Tunnel width had greatly restricted the speed of soldiers rushing to danger place, because the tunnel width made a decision that termits could only on theirs separate way; Therefore, the colony body which could convene more soldier in a relatively short time was more competitive. In the case of food, colonies external expansion trend was not obvious, developed around the nearest food source, on the contrary, colonies without feeding expanded from the center outward for the purpose of divergence, or numbers of main tunnel branch were more than the former, but the difference between the two was not significant.4. Study on inter-speific competition between O. formosanus and two other speciesthe experiment was about the compatibility of O. formosanus with two other termites, the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanu and another subterranean termite, Reticulitermes chinensis. Set termites of two different species in one glass Petri dish acording 5 blending proportion to observe theirs combat. After the experiment we found that: Though both species displayed an immediate mutual aggressiveness, O. formosanus workers were much more aggressive than C. formosanus and R. chinenesis workers. Likewise, aggressive behaviour of soldiers and workers was independent. These results indicated that mixed colonies of these species could not be formed in nature by chance, and O. formosanu was likely to prevail in areas where it has established.更多还原