【作者】 刘伟；

【导师】 朱端卫；

【作者基本信息】 华中农业大学 ， 植物营养， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 本文在总结国内外氮钾营养研究进展的基础上，以杭白菊为供试材料，以武昌狮子山酸性黄棕壤为供试土壤，采用土培方法，研究了氮钾营养对药用白菊产量、氮代谢、碳代谢以及白菊药用成分次生代谢过程的影响。本研究获得主要结果如下：1在一定用量范围内，施用氮钾肥能提高白菊产量。但是氮肥过量时则会导致菊花产量下降。2随着施氮水平的提高，白菊植株各部分叶片中苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性逐渐降低；各处理在整个生育期的变化趋势一致，其中在蕾期活性最高；K对白菊植株叶片PAL活性影响不大。3不同氮水平对白菊各部位叶片谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性有一定影响。在上部叶片，随着施氮水平的提高，GS活性逐渐降低；在下部叶片，低氮处理的酶活性明显高于其他两个处理，中氮和高氮水平没有明显差别；施K对白菊叶片GS活性影响不大。4随着施氮量的上升，叶片中的蛋白质含量逐渐上升；各处理相同部位叶片蛋白质含量变化为：高N＞中N＞低N；在整个生育期各处理均呈单峰曲线变化，在蕾期达到最大值，说明氮能明显影响叶片中蛋白质的含量；低K处理蛋白质含量明显低于适K处理，蕾期以后叶片蛋白质含量降低，K对叶片中蛋白质含量影响最大的生育期为蕾期。5施氮水平对白菊上部叶片叶绿素含量影响较大，增施氮肥有利于叶绿素的合成，氮肥3个处理的叶片叶绿素含量均在蕾期达到最大值：下部叶片叶绿素含量在花期以前逐渐下降，开花以后中氮和高氮处理的叶绿素含量又有所上升，可能是因为开花后碳水化合物在叶片中积累所致。不施钾肥能提高植物体内叶绿素的含量，在开花前，低钾处理上部叶片的叶绿素含量明显高于适钾处理，但开花以后其含量则急剧下降；钾肥对白菊下部叶片的叶绿素含量影响不大。6各处理可溶性糖含量在蕾期前基本一致，在蕾期以后，各处理之间的差距逐渐加大；花芽分化期之前，可溶性糖含量逐渐上升，从花芽分化期到蕾期逐渐下降。花期以后，糖份在叶中积累，上部叶片糖含量上升；其中上部叶片：在蕾期前，中N＞高N＞低N，蕾期后，低N＞中N＞高N；适K＞低K；下部叶片：低N＞中N＞高N；适K＞低K。7施肥对白菊上部叶片多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性有一定影响，随着施氮量的增加，上部叶片的PPO活性逐渐下降；上部叶片的酶活性明显高于下部叶片；下部叶片的酶活性以高氮处理最低，低氮和中氮处理之间差距不明显。K对PPO活性的影响不明显。8各氮处理上部叶片的对香豆酸辅酶A连接酶(4-CL)活性在整个生育期的变化趋势基本一致，随着施氮量的升高，上部叶片4-CL活性逐渐降低，但是低氮和中氮处理之间的差别不明显；上部叶片酶活性在蕾期最低；中氮和高氮处理的下部叶片变化趋势基本一致，其中，中氮处理的酶活性大于高氮处理。施钾能明显提高植株叶片的酶活性，但在蕾期，适钾和低钾处理的各部分叶片的酶活性基本保持一致；各处理上部叶片和下部叶片的变化趋势不一致，从花芽分化期到花期的变化呈相反趋势。9氮对黄酮的含量的影响较大。随着施氮水平的提高，植物体内黄酮含量逐渐下降，其中低氮处理对黄酮含量的影响与其他两个处理有明显的差别；中氮和高氮处理在花芽分化期黄酮含量出现最大值。低钾胁迫下，上部叶片中的黄酮含量在蕾期之前明显高于适钾水平，但在蕾期之后却低于适钾水平；下部叶片在整个生育期，K处理除了在蕾期含量基本保持一致外，在其它生育期都是适钾＞低钾。10随着施氮量的增加，菊花叶片中的绿原酸含量逐渐降低，这和黄酮含量的变化一致；从不同部位来看，上部叶片的绿原酸含量明显高于下部叶片。K对叶片中绿原酸的含量也有一定的影响，不施K明显降低叶片中绿原酸含量。11叶片N含量在整个生育期均表现下降趋势，各氮处理叶片N含量为高N＞中N＞低N；上部叶片高于下部。K处理中上部叶片K含量在整个生育期呈下降趋势，而下部叶片在花芽分化期出现最大值，K含量在不同部位中变化为适K＞低K。更多还原

【Abstract】 Based on the reviews of plant nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) nutrition, the pot experiments were conducted to study the effects of nitrogen and potassium nutrition on production, nitrogen and carbon metabolism, as well as the secondary metabolism process of medicine ingredients of Hangzhou White Chrysanthemum rnorifoliurn, with N and K applied in the yellow-brown acid soil collected from Shizishan, Wuchang, Hubei Province. And the results are as follows:1 The application of nitrogen fertilizer could increase the yields of Hangzhou White Chrysanthemum morifolium, but the production would decrease when N was over-applied.2 Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity in plant leaves decreased with the elevated application rate of nitrogen fertilizer. PAL activity in various parts leaves represented similar changes trend with time in different N fertilization treatment which arrived at peak value at budding period. K application had no significant influence on PAL activity in plant leaves.3 For upper leaves, glutamine synthetase (GS) activity had been greatly influenced by N application which represented that GS activity decreased with elevated N application rates. For bottom leaves, GS activity was highest in the low N application, while there was no significant different between mid and high N application. K application had no significant influence on GS activity in plant leaves.4 The protein content was improved with the increase of nitrogen application rates. In the whole life, the protein concentration increased with plant growth, and increased peak value at the budding stage, then decreased. For the same parts leaves, protein contents was lower when low N application, while higher when mid and high N application which indicated that nitrogen application can increase the protein content significantly. Compared with low K application, appropriate K application could significantly improve the protein content in leaves in the whole life. The protein content in leaves showed obvious seasonal changes which decreased after the budding time. And after flowering, the protein content represented different changing trends between up and bottom leave. It was concluded that K application had affected greatly in the budding time.5 N application had different effect on chlorophyll content in upper and bottom leaves. For upper leaves, N application significantly enhanced the chlorophyll contents in leaves, so the chlorophyll content was highest in the whole life when high N application. The chlorophyll content reached peak value at budding time in all N treatments. For bottom leaves, the chlorophyll contents decreased before flowering, then increased after flowing when mid and high N application; which may be the accumulation of carbohydrate in leaves after flowing. K application could decrease; before flowering and increase after flowering chlorophyll content in upper leaves, while had no effect on the chlorophyll content in bottom leaves.6 The impact of nitrogen and potassium fertilizer on the content of soluble sugars was not significant before the budding time, while was different in florescence and at the end of life of different application rates. The changing trends of soluble sugars content in leaves represented as: soluble sugars content increased before the panicle initiation (PI) time, then decreased from PI to budding, accumulated in leaves again after blossoming out.7 Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity was affected significantly by the fertilizer application in upper leaves. The activity was decreased with the increase of nitrogen appllication, but the variation was steady. The enzyme activity in the upper leaves was higher than those of bottom. The enzyme activity in high N application was the lowest, and there was no significantly variation between middle N and low N application rates in bottom leaves. The potassium application did not significantly affect on the PPO activity.8 4-Coumarate: CoA ligases (4-CL) activity decreased with the increase of N application in upper leaves, but the variation was not significantly between low N and middle N application. The three treatments had the same variation in upper leaves in the whole life, and it was the lowest in budding time; the variation was same in both middle and high N application rates, and the middle N application was higher than high N application. Potassium application improved the enzyme activity significantly, but the variation was not same in upper and bottom leaves, and it was opposite before flowering time when it was identical in budding time.9 The concentration of flavones in upper leaves was decreased with the increase of N. In three treatments, low N application had the highest concentration of flavones, and it had significant difference with middle and high N application which had peak concentrations in panicle initiation stage. The flavones content in no K supplied treatment was higher than the siutable K supplied treatment before budding time in upper leaves, but it was opposite after budding time; it was different in bottom leaves, both treatment was same in budding time, it was improved with the application of K supplied and in the other period of life.10 The chlorogenic acid content in leaves decreased with the increase of nitrogen application which was seemed with flavones in leaves and the content in upper leaves was higher than bottom. The chlorogenic acid was also affected by the K application rates, and the content decreased significantly if there was no K supply.11 Nitrogen concentration in leaves increased with the application rate of nitrogen fertilizer and decreased in the whole life. The N content in upper leaves was higher than bottom.更多还原