【作者】 海全胜；

【导师】 阿拉腾图雅； 包玉海；

【作者基本信息】 内蒙古师范大学 ， 地图与地理信息系统， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 沙尘暴是沙漠及邻近的干旱半干旱地区一种较为常见的自然灾害，通过风沙流的吹蚀和磨蚀、流沙埋压、大风袭击、污染环境等方面对生态环境、人类健康、社会经济产生负面影响，给国民经济所造成的直接和间接损失也在逐年增加。内蒙古地区是我国沙尘源地和主要路径地区之一，该地区发生的沙尘暴不仅影响了京津唐周围地区，而且也加剧了该地区的环境恶化和地区贫困化，引起了社会各界的广泛关注，提出了准确监测和分析研究的迫切需要。从沙尘暴的监测手段来看，以往采用的遥感监测沙尘暴方法都是直接利用沙尘与背景物体的反射率、辐射亮度或辐射亮温的差异。物体的反射率与它本身的物理性状、太阳光照条件有关外，还与所处的纬度和海拔高度、季节和探测时间有关。辐射亮度和辐射亮温与地物的性质、表面状况(如粗糙度、颜色等)、地物的温度T和波长λ有关，且受太阳辐射强度和外部环境条件的影响很大。所以以往的沙尘暴监测方法在不同环境条件下都不是很稳定，可比性较差，方法尚不成熟。为此本文建立了一个稳定定量判识沙尘暴的沙尘指数模型，并用此模型监测了近两年内蒙古地区的沙尘暴。同时在分析沙尘暴与主要影响因子的关系基础上，研究了近两年内蒙古地区沙尘暴的原因及对策。本文的主要研究结论如下：(1)沙尘暴强度模型的构建：地物的比辐射率与地物的性质、表面状况有关。比辐射率在没有发生沙尘暴的情况下主要受地面组成成分的影响，但如果出现沙尘暴，空气中的沙尘成分就会参与比辐射率的贡献，所以可以把沙尘暴发生时的比辐射率看成是地面成分和沙尘成分共同作用的结果。中国北方地区沙尘的主要成分都是硅酸铝、石英等类物质。因此内蒙古地区沙尘的主要成份也是硅酸铝、石英等类物质。而且对内蒙古不同时间不同地点的沙尘颗粒来说，表面状况相近，所以不考虑沙尘物质组成和表面状况差异对比辐射率的影响。单从地面和沙尘对比辐射率的影响来讲，地面要高于沙尘，所以沙尘成分参与的越多，比辐射率相对就会越低。也就是说，沙尘强度越强，沙尘层的厚度就越大，沙尘的均匀程度也越高，比辐射率中沙尘成分的贡献就越大，地面成分的贡献就越低，使得比辐射率越低；反之，沙尘强度越低，比辐射率则越高。所以可用比辐射率代表内蒙古地区的沙尘强度。本文根据热辐射理论，利用比辐射率的特征，结合MODIS数据的热辐射波段的特征，建立了一个稳定的定量判识沙尘强度的沙尘指数(DSI)模型。经过多次沙尘暴的实例验证，本方法能够较精确地监测沙尘强度。(2)沙尘暴的遥感监测：利用构建的沙尘指数(DSI)模型监测了近两年MODIS数据接收时间段发生的内蒙古地区沙尘暴次数、发生范围、强度，得出2005年的沙尘暴比2006年次数少、范围小、强度弱的结论。(3)沙尘暴原因分析：通过沙尘暴强度与主要影响因子的相关分析，得出沙尘强度与当时风速、上年夏季降水量、上年秋季降水量、上年夏季植被覆盖度的相关性比较高；通过沙尘暴日数与主要影响因子的相关分析得出了内蒙古的沙尘暴日数与春季温度、春季降水量、上年夏季降水量、上年植被覆盖度、春季大风日数相关性比较高。在此基础上，具体分析了近两年内蒙古地区沙尘暴的发生和强度原因。(4)沙尘暴的防治对策：从沙尘暴发生原因和人为能够去改变的角度出发，提出控制人口增长、恢复植被、保护生态环境、提高预报预测能力等防治对策。更多还原

【Abstract】 Sand and dust storm, mainly occurring in the deserts and its neighboringarid and semi-arid area, is a common natural disaster through a Sand and duststorm of blowing the eclipse and whetting the eclipse, quicksand press, thestrong wind assault, environment pollution etc., and has negative influence onecosystem environment, mankind health, the social economy produces,resulting in direct and indirect loss of the national economy which enlargeyear by year. Inner Mongolia is one of the Sand and dust sources and mainpath regions of our country, the occurrence of the Sand and dust storm has notonly affected the surroundings region the Jing Jin Tang, but also worse theenvironment depravation and poverty of the regions, causing the extensiveconcern of social public, putting forward the urgent demand of accuratemonitor and analysis and research.See from the monitor means of the Sand and dust storm, the remotesensing monitor Sand and dust storm methods of the former are all to makeuse of the reflectivity of the Sand and dust and the background object andradiate the bright degree or radiate the difference of bright directly. Thereflectivity of the object not only has something to do with its physics formand the sun shine condition, but also relevant to latitude and elevation height,seasons and probe into time. The radiation brightness degree and radiationbrightness tempe rature relevant to the property, surface status (such as roughdegree, color...etc.) of the ground-objects, and also relevant to temperature Tand the wave-lengthλand are subjected to the conditional influence of thesun radiation strength and the exterior environments. So the above-mentionedmethod is instability, under the condition of different environment, lesscomparability, the method is still not mature.In this paper, the Sand and dust storm of Inner Mongolia in recent two years is monitored by building up a Sand and dust storm index model ofstable fixed amount. At the same time, based on the analysis of relationbetween factor with it and Sand and dust storm, the reason countermeasuresof Sand and dust storm in Inner Mongolia in recent two years are studied.The main conclusion of the paper is as follows:(1) Setup of the sandstorm strength model: The emissivity (LSE) of theground-objects has something to do with the property, the surface status (suchas rough degree, color...etc.) of the ground-objects, and also is the function ofthe temperature and wave-length. The emissivity was affected by the groundobject composition, but with the sandstorm appearing, the sand in the airwould contributed to the emissivity, so it could be included that the emissityduring the occurring of the sandstorm was the result of the cowork of theground composition and the sand. The main composition of the sand dust inInner Mongolia was aluminum silicate and quarts. The Sand and dust stormmaterial composition of Inner Mongolia is close to color, but rough degree isdissimilarity because of the difference of the Sand and dust strength. With thesand dust strength strengthen, the sand dust layer thickens, and the roughdegree become lower, namely the even degree of the Sand and dust stormincrement, spread the hot radiation that the sensor receiver in the comparisonis decrease. So the emissivity(LSE) can be used to represent the Sand and duststorm strength of Inner Mongolia. In this paper based on the heat-radiatingtheory, make use of the emissivity (LSE) characteristics of the object, andcombine the characteristics of the hot radiation wave band of the data ofMODIS, to set up a more stable fixed amount to judge index number model ofthe Sand and dust strength. Through a verification of many Sand and duststorms, the method can accurately monitor the sand dust strength.(2) The remote sensing monitor of the Sand and dust storm: the Sand anddust index model was used to monitor the Sand and dust storm numbers, the occurrence scope, strength of Inner Mongolia that the MODIS data receives inrecent two years, getting a conclusions that compare to 2006, the 2005 ofsandstorm is less, small scope and less strength.(3) The reason analysis of the sandstorm: at first, through study on therelation between factor with it and Sand and dust storm, get the correlationsbetween sand dust strength and wind velocity of the same year, summerprecipitation of last year, autumn precipitation of last year, summer vegetationcover of last year are high; through the analysis of day number of Sand anddust storm and factor with it, can get that the correlations between daynumber of Sand and dust storm and spring temperature, spring precipitation,summer precipitation of last year, vegetation cover of last year, the number ofday of strong wind are high. On the basis, the reason of day number andstrength of Sand and dust storm in Inner Mongolia in recent two years isanalyzed.(4) The prevention countermeasures of the dust storm: from the anglesof the reason of sandstorm taking place and human can change, improve theprevention and countermeasures about controlling the population growth,renew vegetation, protect the ecosystem environment and raise the forecastand estimate abilities etc.更多还原