【作者】 宋伟；

【导师】 胡柏平；

【作者基本信息】 陕西师范大学 ， 运动人体科学， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 现代中长跑的运动水平不断提高，中长跑项目的世界纪录不断突破，跑速越来越快。其项目的特点是在较长时间内，中枢神经系统和肌肉活动要连续不断地接受刺激，人体要消耗大量的能量来维持比赛所需的高速度。对中长跑运动员来讲，不仅仅要提高有氧耐力水平，其无氧氧化能力也同样的重要。大学生运动员作为一个特殊的体育群体，与专业运动员竞技水平相比有较大的差距，而且他们学习任务重，训练时间短，既要学习文化知识又要提高自己的运动成绩的特点决定了他们不同于专业运动员的训练特点，这些特点都表明不能盲目照搬已有的训练方法，本文的目的就是通过对高校中长跑运动员赛前训练效果进行较系统的评测，对存在的问题提出合理的解决方法，为大学生中长跑运动员进行赛前训练提供理论依据。经过筛选，选择32名高校男子中长跑运动员作为实验对象，随机分为两个组，强化训练组和普通训练组，每组16名(n=16)，通过不同的赛前训练方案进行6周的赛前训练。测定训练前后普通训练组与强化训练组队员的机能指标，同时对两组队员为期六周的赛前训练作全程监控，探讨六周不同赛前训练方法对两组队员的有氧耐力、无氧耐力、体成分、形态学等指标的影响。实验结果表明：1．六周赛前训练后，强化组肌肉和脂肪含量与训练前相比有显著性差异(P＜0.05)，而普通训练组出现极显著性差异(P＜0.01)，强化组训练后细胞内液和细胞外液含量与训练前相比有显著性差异(P＜0.05)形态学指标上没有显著性差异(P＞0.05)。2．六周赛前训练后，强化组训练后平均功和最大功与训练前相比有显著性差异(P＜0.05)，普通组训练后最大功、相对最大功量与训练前相比有显著性差异(P＜0.05)，强化组训练后最大功量相对值、最高回转数与训练前相比有极显著性差异(P＜0.01)，而平均功相对值与训练前相比有显著性差异(P＜0.05)。3．六周赛前训练后，强化组训练后队员的相对平均功值与普通组训练后有显著性差异(P＜0.05)，平均功值、最高回转数有极显著性差异(P＜0.01)。4．六周赛前训练后，强化组和普通组训练后无氧阈、最大氧脉搏、最大摄氧量相对值和绝对值与训练前相比均有显著性差异(P＜0.05)，强化组最大摄氧量速度值与训练前相比均有极显著性差异(P＜0.01)。强化组训练后与普通组训练后相比，最大摄氧量速度值有极显著性差异(P＜0.01)。5．六周赛前训练后，无论是强化组还是普通组红细胞和血红蛋白均有显著性差异(P＜0.05)。6．强化组训练组在5s、10s、15s、20s、25s、30s的平均功值均高于其它各组，普通训练组在15s时的平均功值稍有下降，其它时间均有升高的趋势。7．普通训练组和强化训练组运动员的晨脉在整个训练周期内，随运动量的改变产生明显的波动。在整个训练周期内运动员的晨脉呈波浪式下降趋势，在整个训练周期结束后达最低值，但是都高于基础心率值。结论：1．六周不同赛前训练方法后，队员的脂肪百分比减少，肌肉和瘦体重含量增加，形态学指标没有显著性差异，身体成分构成更加符合运动要求。2．六周不同赛前训练方法后，队员的无氧耐力水平得到显著改善，强化训练组比普通训练组提高更为明显，保持高速度奔跑能力增强，说明强化训练法能更有效地提高无氧耐力水平。3．六周不同赛前训练方法后，队员的有氧耐力素质均有不同程度提高，强化训练组有氧耐力水平提高更为明显、合理运用能量的能力更强，说明强化训练法更能有效地提高有氧耐力水平。4．六周赛前训练期间，运动员的晨脉变化与负荷量大小相对应，且随着运动量的改变而发生明显的波动，可以作为教练员调整训练负荷强度的依据。更多还原

【Abstract】 With the continual improvement in middle and long distance running, athletes run faster and faster, resulting in the continuous breaking through of the worldly middle- and long-distance running records. One of the characteristics of this sports is that for a relatively long time, backbone nerve system and muscle will be stimulated from time to time and athletes have to consume large amount of energy to maintain the required speed, which means middle- and long-distance runners not only have to improve both their aerobic and anaerobic capacities.As a special sports group, college athletes still have a long way to go compared with professionals. Moreover, they usually have a heavy study burden and the training time is relatively short, which indicates that all the established training methods can not be put into practice blindly. This paper aims to propose a reasonable resolution for present problems and offer a theoretical basis for pre-competition training of college middle- and long-distance runners, through systematic evaluation on the training effects of college middle- and long-distance runners.Through sifting, 32 college middle- and long-distance athletes are chosen to be the experimental objects, and divided into two groups stochastically: the intensifying training group and the ordinary training group with each group being composed of 16 （n=16）. Those two groups will be trained for 6 weeks in various pre-competition training methods. The enginery indexes in the intensifying training group and the ordinary training group before and after training will be recorded and all their 6-week training will be wholly monitored, aiming the influence of various pre-competition training methods on oxygen endurance, non- oxygen endurance, body components and morphology of those two training groups.The research results show the following:1. After 6-week pre-competition training, there is a noticeable difference in the intensifying group concerning muscle content and fat content （P＜0.05） and a remarkable difference in the ordinary group regarding the fat content （P＜0.01） while there is a noticeable difference in terms of fat percentage and extra-cellular fluid content compared with those before training （P＜0.05）. a noticeable difference in extra-cellular fluid content compared with ordinary group （P＜0.05）. Morphological indexes does not show much difference （P＞0.05）.2. After 6-week pre-competition training, the intensifying group after training experiences a noticeable difference in the average power and maximal power compared with those indexes before training （P＜0.05） while the ordinary group a noticeable difference in maximal power and relative maximal power after training （P＜0.05）. In addition, there is a remarkable difference in the relative value of maximal power, maximal resolution （P＜0.01） while a noticeable difference in the relative value of average power （P＜0.05）.3. After 6-week pre-competition training, the average power and maximal power in the intensifying training group witnesses a noticeable difference compared with the ordinary training group （P＜0.05） while the average power and the maximal gyration witnesses a remarkable difference （P＜0.01）.4. After 6-week pre-competition training, there are both noticeable differences in anaerobic, maximal oxygen pulse, the relative and absolute value of VO₂max （P＜0.05） in both groups and remarkable difference in vVO₂max in the intensifying group （P＜0.01）. Compared with the ordinary training group, the intensifying group sees a remarkable difference in vVO₂max （P＜0.01）.5. After 6-week pre-competition training, both the intensifying group and the ordinary training group both witnesses a noticeable difference in red blood and Hb （P＜0.05）.6. The average power in the intensifying group is higher in the groups of 5s、10s、15s、20s、25s、30s than other groups while the ordinary training group witnesses a decline when it comes to 15s and a tendency of rising in other time.7. The morning pulses of athletes in both groups, throughout the whole training process, have shown an obvious fluctuation with the change of amount of exercises: a spiral downward tendency and reaching the bottom after the training yet all above the basic pulse.Conclusions:1. After 6-week pre-competition training of various training methods, the percentage of fat of all athletes declines while the percentage of muscle and tight weight increases and there is no noticeable difference in morphological indexes, resulting in the body components being more fit for sports. 2. After 6-week pre-competition training of various training methods, anaerobic stamina of athletes shows an obvious improvement. Compared with the ordinary training group, the intensifying group sees a clearer improvement and longer time to keep running at high speed, showing that intensifying training will do good to improving athletes’ anaerobic stamina.3. After 6-week pre-competition training of various training methods, athletes’ respiratory stamina shows an increase to various extent. Compared with the ordinary training group, the intensifying group witnesses a higher improvement and more capable to apply energy reasonably, indicating that intensifying training will do a better job in improving athletes’ respiratory stamina.4. During this 6-week pre-competition training, athlete’s morning pulse shows a correspondent change and flux with the change of their amount of exercises, resulting in being a criterion a coach can turn to when it comes to adjust the amount of exercises.更多还原