【作者】 范金凤；

【导师】 满秀玲；

【作者基本信息】 东北林业大学 ， 水土保持与荒漠化防治， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 山地沼泽主要分布在我国东北的大、小兴安岭和长白山地区，这些湿地调节气候、改善生态环境方面，发挥着巨大的作用。然而近年由于人类各种不合理的生产活动，排水造田、放牧、筑坝和采矿等，总体效果是破坏大于保护，使沼泽湿地面积迅速减少，沼泽逆向演替，土壤质量下降，生物多样性降低，水质变差，生态系统功能退化甚至丧失。为了实现区域内湿地生态系统的良性发展，必须对湿地污染、湿地退化和湿地健康开展进一步的研究，辨识湿地污染、退化的原因，是区域经济和生态环境健康发展的当务之急。因此本文在前人研究的基础上，并依托黑龙江省攻关项目——黑龙江省沼泽湿地生态系统恢复技术研究，选择小兴安岭北部山地沼泽分布比较集中的公别拉河流域为研究对象，分别对土壤理化性质和水化学性质在湿地环境改变后的变化进行研究。同时，对公别拉河各段受人为干扰的河水进行化学分析，获取相关的基础研究资料，为山地沼泽湿地生态保护与受损湿地的生态恢复提供科学依据。研究结果表明：（1）人为干扰活动导致土壤容重增大趋势，增幅56.60％～147.17％。而土壤孔隙度和持水量则表现为下降趋势，孔隙度降幅13.44％～39.49％，最大持水量降幅4.04％～70.67％；不同人为干扰活动下，土壤有机质、全N含量降幅排序均为：采矿＞造田＞筑坝＞农扰＞放牧。全P降幅排序：采矿＞造田＞筑坝＞放牧＞农扰。土壤全K受有机质影响较小，随着土壤矿质化程度升高而增加，增幅依次为：造田＞筑坝＞农扰＞放牧＞采矿；速效养分则随人为活动干扰加剧表现为分解释放，并最终衰减。水解N降幅排序：采矿＞造田＞筑坝＞农扰＞放牧。速效P降幅排序：采矿＞造田＞农扰＞筑坝＞放牧。速效K降幅排序：采矿＞造田＞农扰＞放牧＞筑坝。各种干扰类型下土壤退化程度从重到轻排序为：采矿＞造田＞筑坝＞放牧＞农扰。（2）农扰后湿地水化学类型有别于对照为硫酸类钙组Ⅰ型水，筑坝和放牧干扰后湿地水化学类型没有变化，但离子含量变化差异较大。三种干扰方式下湿地水矿化度、总硬度、总碱度均呈增加趋势，增幅从大到小排序均为：筑坝＞农扰＞放牧。干扰后TN、NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N和，TP浓度均相对增加，其中TN、NH₄⁺-N、TP增加均达极显著水平，NO₃^--N增加不显著。三种干扰活动均使得Fe、Mn含量显著增加。水质质量综合评分结果表明，不同干扰方式对湿地水质质量影响由重到轻排序为：农扰＞放牧＞筑坝。（3）河水流经中游采矿干扰区至下游入江口，不同干扰河段的水化学类型为硫酸盐类钙组Ⅰ型水(S_Ⅰ^Ca)。不同干扰河段，河水主要离子含量变化差异较大，矿化度、总硬度与对照相比均呈增加趋势，其中增幅最大值均出现在采矿干扰河段，下游入江口处矿化度、总硬度分别比上游对照增加了2.56倍和5.54倍。各干扰河段河水的总碱度变化幅度较小。河水流经各干扰区后，TN、NO₃^--N、TP含量均相对增加，尤其中游人为干扰频繁的地区，增加均达极显著水平（p＜0.01）；NH₄⁺-N含量则呈波动式变化；下游河水TN、NO₃^--N、TP含量与上游对照相比增加显著（p＜0.01），而NH₄⁺-N含量则显著降低（p＜0.01）。上游河水中Fe、Mn浓度较低，均小于国家饮用水标准。流经各干扰区，Fe、Mn的浓度明显增加，远远超过生活饮用水卫生标准，并且高于黑龙江江水Fe、Mn含量。更多还原

【Abstract】 Mountain mire distributed in Xing’an Mountains and Changbai Mountains mainly inNortheast of China. It played a great part in regulating climate, ameliorating ecologicalenvironment in these aeries. But the destruction is greater than protection; the areas of swampwetland had decreased rapidly, the direction of success showed the regressive succession, Soilquality dropped, Biodiversity decreased, water quality contaminated and function of ecosystemdegraded and lost resulting from the unreasonable human activities, such as draining forfarmland, grazing, damming, mining, and so forth. In order to realize the sound progress ofwetland ecosystem, sustainable development of economic and ecological environment of thatregion, we must get down doing something for the protection, construction, and wetland health.Based on the ex-researcher’s knowledge, and the project of the Research of WetlandEcosystem Restoration Technology in Heilongjiang province, we selected Gongbiela watershedin the Northern of Xiaoxing’an Mountains for the research object, study the soil and waterphysical and chemical characteristics after the changed of wetland environment, analysis thechemical characteristics of the contaminated water in different areas of Gongbiela River. Wehope that this study cans provide a great deal of measured data, research framework andtheoretical foundation for swamp wetland ecological protection and restoration.The decreased range of porosity and water capacity between 13.44％and 39.49％, 4.04％and 70.67％respectively according to the Soil Bulk Density increased because of humandisturbance. The organic matter and total nitrogen was obviously influenced by the humandisturbance and can be showed in the decreased order of Mining＞Farmlanding＞Damming＞disturbance by Agriculture＞Grazing, the total phosphorus wasMining＞Farm landing＞Damming＞Grazing＞disturbance by Agriculture, and total potassiumwas Farm landing＞Damming＞disturbance by Agriculture＞Grazing＞Mining. The validnitrogen showed in the decreased order of Mining＞Farm landing＞Damming＞disturbance byAgriculture＞Grazing, valid phosphorus was Mining＞Farm landing＞disturbance byAgriculture＞Damming＞Grazing, and the valid potassium was Mining＞Farm landing＞disturbance by Agriculture＞＞Grazing Damming. From the above study, the serious landdegradation resulting from different human disturbance can be showed in the order of Mining＞Farm landing＞Damming＞Grazing＞disturbance by Agriculture. The hydrochemical type of swamp wetland is S_Ⅰ^Ca after the disturbance by agriculturewhich is different from the control experiment, but there are not different in the damming andgrazing swamp wetland. The mineralization, total hardness, total alkalinity showed theincreased order of Damming＞disturbance by agriculture＞grazing. The concentration of TN、 NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N and TP increased relatively after different disturbance. It made the contentsof iron and manganese increased resulting from grazing, damming, disturbance by agricultureexcept the grazing which had no impact on the content of iron. The water quality wasobviously influenced by the human disturbance and can be showed in the contaminate order ofMining＞disturbance by Agriculture＞Damming.The hydrochemical type is S_Ⅰ^Ca and the main iron contents is significant different in thedifferent disturbance areas of Gongbiela River. The mineralization and total hardness showedthe significant different （p＜0.01） increased tendency compared with the control experiment（without disturbance wetland） in the different disturbance areas of Gongbiela River especial inthe entrance after the river water flow through the mining disturbance areas, the mineralizationand total hardness were more than 2.56 times and 5.54 times respectively than the upstreamcontrol experiment. The concentration of TN、NO₃^--N、TP increased relatively after the riverwater flow the disturbance areas, especial in the downstream which the river water had flowedthe midstream areas which disturbance by human activities frequently. The concentration ofNH₄⁺-N of downstream showed significant fluctuating decreased compared with upstream. Thecontents of iron and manganese of upstream water are both under the Dinking Water QualityStandards, but it is Exceeded in Dinking Water Quality Standards after flowing the disturbanceareas, also exceeded the water quality of Heilongjiang River.更多还原