【作者】 王嘉；

【导师】 王绍斌；

【作者基本信息】 沈阳农业大学 ， 生态学， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 保障粮食安全是农业的一项重要任务。辽北粮食主产区作为我国重要的商品粮基地之一，增加其粮食产量的意义重大。增加粮食产量的途径有两条，即扩大耕地面积和提高单位面积产量。根据我国国情，依靠扩大耕地面积增加粮食产量的途径已经行不通，剩下的只有依靠提高粮食单位面积产量一条途径。本研究通过在辽北粮食主产区对超高产玉米栽培技术体系的探索及动态观测分析，为辽北粮食主产区探索出一条切实可行、具有深远战略意义的粮食生产途径。本课题是国家粮食丰产科技工程下辽宁玉米丰产高效技术集成研究与示范课题的一个子课题。本研究所得主要结论如下：1、用辽北地区土壤肥力较高、有排灌条件的农田种植玉米，可以实现超高产指标。通过对超高产玉米田与对照田生理指标的动态观测，辽北地区实现玉米超高产，需要满足以下几个条件：选用例如先玉335号等耐密植、抗倒伏、抗病、容重大的品种，采用大垄（120cm）双行（垄顶种植双行，行距40cm）种植形式，适时、精细播种，合理密植（先玉335号为82500株／hm²），配方施肥，精细进行田间管理，适时收获。2、通过对超高产玉米田能流、能值和物流的分析并同对照田（普通生产田）比较分析，超高产田的能量和物质转化效率均明显高于对照田。虽然超高产玉米田人工辅助能以及N、P₂O₅、K₂O的投入量要高于对照田，但是转化效率要比对照玉米田明显提高，超高产玉米田的能量转化效率比对照玉米田高出12.71个百分点，达到了85.05％；N、P₂O₅、K₂O的转化效率分别比对照高出10.94、12.9和6.93个百分点，达到了56.58％、79.03％和93.79％。3、通过对超高产玉米田的生态经济效益分析并同对照田比较，超高产玉米田有良好的生态经济效益和社会效益。经济效益方面，超高产玉米田每公顷净收入为12127.5元，而对照玉米田每公顷净收入为5662.3元，每公顷增收金额达到6465.2元，超高产玉米田的产投比为2.54，对照田为2.06，比对照高出23.3％。由此可见，在辽北地区大面积发展超高产玉米田，是提高农民收入的有效途径之一；生态效益方面，超高产田提高了物质和能量的转化效率，是一种集约型农业，同时为促进牧业发展和培肥地力提供了物质保障；社会效益方面，为粮食主产区增加粮食产量探索出了有效途径，进而为保证国家粮食安全做出了积极贡献，激发了农民种粮积极性。在辽北粮食主产区大面积发展超高产玉米促进了与玉米相关联的其他产业的发展和当地经济的繁荣。更多还原

【Abstract】 Assurance of food safe is one of the important assignments of agriculture. Major grainproducing areas in north of Liaoning Province as one of foundational areas of very importantyield areas in China, has great meaning in increasing food yield. There are two ways inimproving food-crop quality. One is expanding the plantation the other is increasing the yieldper unit area. According to.Chinese condition that depending on expanding the plantation isinviable, yet, the other way, which depends on increasing the yield per unit area is the onlyway to go.This thesis tries to search for a meaningful, practical and strategic approach by exploringand dynamic observation of physiological endex in super high yield maize in Food-crop-yieldarea in north of Liaoning Province. This task is one subtask of the compositive research anddemonstrate of Liaoning corn richness and high-efficiency technology under the science andtechnology project of state food richness.The Conclusions are as follow:1. Those crop field in north of Liaoning province with high fertility and irrigationd anddrainage condition, may practice super high yield into reality. If the idea of super high yieldtreatment will be carried out by observing physiological item of super high yield treatmentand CK, we need to meet severay conditions as follow: use the breed as Xianyu335 thatseni-dwarf, Lodging, high unit weight; use big ridge double line （double line in the top ofridge row space 40cm）; planting in time and fine; semi-dwarf in reason（Xianyu335,82500 perhm²）; fertilize in prescription; field manage carefully harvest in time.2. By analysis energy flowing, emergy, material flowing of farmland ecological systemsof super high yield maize and CK, we can see compare with CK, energy and material’sconversion efficiency of farmland ecologic system of super high yield maize was improvedevidently. The farmland of super high yield maize need more artificial auxiliary energy andmore quantity of N, P₂O₅,K₂O than CK, but the energy and material’s conversion efficiency of super high yield farmland is higher than CK clearly. The energy conversion efficiency ofsuper high yield farmland achieve to 85.05%, 12.71 percentage points more than CK. Theconversion efficiency of N, P₂O₅, K₂O of super high yield farmland achieve to 56.58%,79.03% and 93.79%, 10.94, 12.9, 6.93 percentage points more than CK.3. By analysis and compare the ecology-economic benefit of super high yield treatmentand CK, the super high yield farmland has better eco-economical effect and social effect. Atthe economic effect aspect, the net income of super high yield farmland is 12127.5 yuan/hm²,but the net income of CK is 5662.3 yuan/hm², so the net income of super high yield farmlandis 6465.2 per hm² more than CK. Output-input ratio of super high yield farmland is 2.54, andthe output-input ratio of CK is 2.06, 23.3% more than CK. Therefore, developing the super highyield treatment on the north of Liaoning is one of the effectual ways which increases thenative farmers’ income; At the ecology effect aspect, the conversion efficiency of the superhigh yield farmland is improved, which is a intensive agriculture and it contributes to thedeveloping of the livestock breeding and fertilizing soil; At the society aspect, search outeffective approach for increase grain output on major grain producing areas. Moreover, itcontributes to assurance of food safe in China and it enhances the farmers’ positivity ofplanting corn. The local stockbreeding is indirect-developed by developing the super highyield maize, meantime, it develops the others industries which correlate to corn, boom thelocal economic.更多还原