【作者】 张振卿；

【导师】 许清海；

【作者基本信息】 河北师范大学 ， 自然地理学， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 殷墟位于河南省安阳市区西北部,是晚商古都所在地,距今已有3000多年的历史。殷墟时期古环境研究是殷墟文化研究的重要组成部分,也是环境考古学的重要内容。为更好地认识殷商时期的环境背景,我们在殷墟遗址附近选取了3个不含文化遗存的自然堆积剖面进行磁化率和孢粉分析,以揭示殷墟文化发生、发展和衰亡的环境因素,进而探讨当时的人地关系。3个土壤剖面的岩性分析和测年数据表明,安阳地区约7700cal.aB.P以来沉积地层可粗略划分为上中下三层:上层为现代农业耕作层,中层为河流相沉积物形成的黄色或灰褐色亚粘土层,下层为灰黑色古土壤层。三个剖面的磁化率变化表现出较好的一致性,上层农业耕作层受人类活动扰动影响,磁化率变化复杂;中层磁化率相对较高,且变化剧烈。一方面可能是受河流沉积动力变化的影响而导致磁性矿物含量及排列方式变化所致;另一方面由于该地层恰处于殷商文化的繁荣发展时期,此种磁化率变化现象也说明殷商先民为了满足生产和生活需要大量砍伐周边及西部山区森林,引起水土流失,大量磁性矿物被搬运、沉积到殷墟地区,导致磁化率增高;下层灰黑色古土壤层磁化率明显低于其它层位,且波动较小,有别于目前黄土-古土壤序列研究中古土壤磁化率增强的古土壤成因模式,其原因有待进一步研究考证。三个剖面的磁化率从底部向上呈逐渐升高的趋势,可能与人类活动对安阳市及周边森林植被不断加剧的破坏过程而导致沉积物中磁性矿物增多有关,也可能存在沉积物磁化率的埋藏效应。3个土壤剖面孢粉分析揭示了殷墟文化前后的环境背景。取自安阳市区的茶店陂剖面灰黑色古土壤层(3400cal.aB.P.之前)孢粉组合是以乔木植物花粉为主,推测当时茶店陂剖面所在的安阳市附近是含常绿树的落叶阔叶林植被;取自安阳市东南20余公里的广润陂“广1”、“广2”两剖面古土壤层孢粉组合特征相近,都以中湿生草本植物花粉为主,表明广润陂地区是以中湿生草本植物为主的草地和湿地景观,显示了与安阳市区不同的植被面貌。安阳市茶店陂剖面古土壤层上部出现较高含量的禾本科花粉和中华卷柏孢子,反映当时安阳市附近已有人类定居并从事农业生产活动,森林植被已遭受人类砍伐破坏。黑色古土壤面以上地层(3400cal.aB.P.以后)是殷商建都,殷墟文化空前发展时期的沉积,孢粉组合中乔木花粉显著减少,表明殷商先人为了满足都城建设和生活需要,对安阳市周边的森林进行了大规模地砍伐和破坏。此后,乔木植物花粉含量进一步减少,中华卷柏孢子含量不断增加,揭示了殷商先人对安阳市及周边森林植被不断加剧的破坏过程。更多还原

【Abstract】 In order to further understand the background of the origin, flourish and decline of Yin Dynasty, three freely disturbed natural soil profiles (Chadianpo, Guang1 and Guang2) have been derived near the site of Yin Ruins. And analyses on lithology, magnetic susceptibility and pollen of the three soil profiles in the area of Yin Ruins have been also accomplished.The analysis of lithology reveals that the three soil profiles are similar and can be divided into three parts. All consist of grey-black paleo-soil layers formed before Yin Dynasty in the bottom, different-color sub-clay layers formed after Yin Dynasty in the middle parts, and cultivable soil in the upper parts.The analysis on magnetic susceptibility represents the characters of the three parts of each profile. The upper parts of the profiles are cultivable soil. Considering the influence of human’s activities, we will not discuss these parts. The middle parts are sandy clay formed by alluvial sediment. In these parts, the magnetic susceptibility is obviously higher than the other parts, and fluctuates seriously. It is may be the result of the changes of contents and the arrange of magnetism mineral caused by the origin sediment;The lower parts are gray-black paleo-soil,and the magnetic susceptibility of this parts is lower than the other parts and sharply fluctuate, which is different from the present studies of magnetic susceptibility in loess regions, but the reason is uncertain now. The magnetic susceptibility of the three soil profiles changes seriously in whole, and it becomes lower with the depth increasing, it may be by the effects of embedment.Pollen assemblage of gray-black paleo-soil in Chadianpo profile was dominated by arboreal pollen, such as Pinus, Juglans, Betula and so on,which mostly accounted for more than 60% of the total sum. The herbs pollen which was dominated by Artemisia, Compositae and Gramineae was much lower, no more than 30% in general. It represents that the paleo-vegetation in the vicinity of Anyang city was warm deciduous broad-leaved forest. The pollen assemblages of Guang1 and Guang2 in Guangrunpo which is about 20km away to the southeast of Anyang city, were similar and both dominated by herbs pollen of mesophytes and hygrophytes, such as Typha, Cyperaceae and Ranunculaceae, revealing that the paleo-vegetations were mainly marsh and grassland, which was different from the vicinity of Anyang city at that time. Although the profiles of Guang1 and Guang2 are near to each other (only1.6km apart), there were little differences between the pollen assemblages of the two profiles. There were much more mesophyte and hygrophyte herb pollen types like Cyperaceae and Ranunculaceae in Guang2 profile, which represents that it was little lower in elevation and much wetter than the location of Guang1. In the upper parts of the gray-black paleo-soil, there were increasing contents of Gramineae and Selaginella sinensis pollen, which reveals that ancient humans have already dwelled here at that time, and the forests in the vicinity have been destroyed by human activities. Above the gray-black paleo-soil in Chadianpo profile, the arboreal pollen diminished sharply, it was just at the flourishing time of Yin culture, so it might reveal the serious deforestation by ancient citizen for the construction of the city and daily life. And the similar phenomenon also could be found in the two profiles of Guangrunpo, the contents of arboreal pollen also decreased sharply at the boundary between the gray-black paleo-soil and the upper parts. The later diminished of arboreal pollen and increased of Selaginella sinensis from the three profiles revealed the process of the deforestation in Anyang and western mountain areas.更多还原