【作者】 苏晖；

【导师】 陆卫平；

【作者基本信息】 扬州大学 ， 作物栽培学与耕作学， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 本试验于2004～2005年在扬州大学农学院作物栽培生理省级重点试验室试验田内进行,研究了密度、氮肥施用量和氮肥运筹对普通高产玉米苏玉19的干物质积累和氮、磷、钾的吸收的影响,探讨了苏玉19高产栽培精确定量施肥的指标参数,在分析干物质和氮磷钾积累动态的基础上,推导出苏玉19高产栽培精确施氮、磷、钾的三个参数。主要结果如下:1.密肥与苏玉19干物质积累和产量的关系不同密度处理下苏玉19单株和群体植株各生育时期干物质积累总量及子粒产量均差异显著。密度（X）与子粒产量（Y）的回归方程为Y=-301.48X²+4158.5 X ^-2778.7（R2=0.9119**）。密度为6.75万株·hm^-2时产量最高(12400.7 kg·hm^-2)。施氮量（X）与子粒产量（Y）的回归方程为Y=-0.0669X2+37.476X+5454.3 （R²=0.8735**）,施氮量270 kg·hm^-2时产量最高(11910.7kg·hm^-2)。在密度为6.75万株·hm^-2和施氮量为270 kg·hm^-2的基础上,不同氮肥运筹方式中以施基肥与穗肥8叶展施且二者的比例为1:2处理产量最高(12034.0kg·hm^-2)。出苗至拔节（X1）、拔节至大喇叭口（X2）、大喇叭口至开花（X3）、开花至成熟（X4）各阶段干物质积累量与产量（Y）间的多元回归方程在密度处理、氮肥处理、氮肥运筹三个试验中分别为Y=-5830.601+1.7267X4(R2=0.90035^**)、Y=11035.8559-7.7357X2+1.2211X4 (R=0.9924^**)、Y=2.739X1+1.016X4+69.528(R2=0.9311^**)。获得最高产量主要是控制开花前的干物质积累量在适宜值,重点增加开花后的干物质积累量。2.密肥对苏玉19氮、磷、钾吸收积累的影响在密度处理下,密度与群体植株氮、磷、钾素总积累量的回归方程分别为Y = -3.5719X2 + 50.004X + 47.552（R² = 0.7678^*）;Y = ^-2.7259X² + 36.426X- 18.283（R2= 0.8336*）;Y = -4.9808X2 + 70.805X - 73.865（R2 = 0.8738*）。密度为6.75万株·hm^-2时氮、磷、钾素总积累量最高,其值分别为239.14kg·hm^-2、115.20kg·hm^-2、187.85kg·hm^-2。在氮肥处理下,氮肥施用量与群体植株氮、磷、钾素总积累量的回归方程分别为Y = -0.001X² + 0.581X + 133.19（R₂ = 0.926**）;Y= -0.0006X² + 0.3314X + 64.214（R2 = 0.8914**）;Y = -0.0008X2 + 0.4374X + 101.54（R2 = 0.6906*）。施氮量270 kg·hm^-2时氮、磷、钾素总积累量最高,其值分别为231.46kg·hm^-2、117.92kg·hm^-2、186.36kg·hm^-2。群体植株氮、磷、钾素总积累量在不同氮肥运筹方式下各生育时期最大值均以施基肥与穗肥8叶展施比例为1∶2的处理最高,其值分别为230.26kg·hm^-2、110.00kg·hm^-2、184.50kg·hm^-2。3.不同生育阶段苏玉19群体植株氮、磷、钾素积累量与产量的关系苏玉19产量水平随着群体一生吸收氮、磷、钾总积累量的增加而随之提高。群体一生吸收积累氮、磷、钾素的总量与产量的回归方程分别为Y = 69.108X- 4122.4（R2 = 0.9583**）;Y = 98.021X+ 711.18（R2 = 0.7429*）、Y = 69.475X - 675.69（R2 = 0.9393**）。出苗～拔节（X1）、拔节～开花（X2）、开花～成熟（X3）不同阶段的氮、磷、钾素总积累量与产量进行多元回归分析其回归方程为分别Y=-4323.324+88.645X2+74.2645X3（R2=0.9679**,直接通径系数为0.4828和0.6168 ） , Y=1610.7194+157.8286X3 （ R2=0.5348* ） ,Y=-1245.0117+94.2256X2+74.5156X3（ R2=0.9429**,直接通径系数分别为0.6821、0.4188）。提高苏玉19产量要增加拔节后群体的氮素、钾素总吸收积累量,重点增加开花后氮素和拔节～开花阶段的总吸收积累量。4.氮、磷、钾Stanford指标参数的确定在基础地力产量(5941.0 kg·hm^-2)与土壤在拔节期、大喇叭口期、开花期、成熟期供氮、磷、钾量(kg·hm^-2)分别为（14.12、59.26、95.32、135.35）、（7.89、17.57、23.82、48.47）、（14.70、47.78、69.22、109.72）的基础上,目标产量(12000 kg·hm^-2),100kg子粒需氮、磷、钾量分别是1.928 kg、0.944 kg、1.527kg;在各生育时期需氮、磷、钾量(kg·hm^-2)分别为（29.94、116.34、146.40、230.26）、（10.85、27.41、35.32、86.20）、（32.33、94.38、132.49、184.50）;氮、磷、钾素的利用率分别是44.09%、25.897%、63.26%。需要施氮肥（纯氮）、磷肥（P2O5）、钾肥（K2O）的量分别是222.885 kg·hm^-2、167.853 kg·hm^-2、54.173 kg·hm^-2。更多还原

【Abstract】 The experiments were conducted in the key laboratory of crop cultivation and physiology of Jiangsu province in Yangzhou University in 2004-2005. Using Suyu 19, a normal corn variety as material, the effect of density, nitrogen （N） application amount and N application on the accumulation of dry matter and the uptake of N, phosphorus （P） and potassium （K） were studied. The indices of the precise and quantitative fertilizer application for the high yield of the variety were clarified. The parameter of N, P and K of precise fertilizer application for high yield were deduced based on the dynamics of the accumulation of the dry matter and the uptake of N, P and K. The main results are as follows:1. The effects of density and fertilizer on the accumulation of dry matter and yieldDry matter accumulation in various stages of individual plant, plant population and grain yield were significantly different under various density treatments. In density treatments, the highest yield of the variety presented in the treatment of 67500 plants.hm^-2, the yield was 12400.7 kg.hm^-2 . The regressive equation of density （X） and grain yield （Y） was Y=-301.48X2+4158.5X^-2778.7（R2=0.9119**）.In N application amount treatments, the highest yield of the variety presented in the treatment of 270 kg.hm^-2, the yield was 11910.7 kg.hm^-2. The regressive equation of N application amount （X） and yield （Y） was Y=-0.0669X²+37.476X+5454.3 （R2=0.8735**）.On the base of optimal density (67500 plants.hm^-2) and N application amount (270 kg.hm^-2), the highest yield (12034.0kg.hm^-2) was presented when the ratio of base-fertilizer to ear-fertilizer （fertilized at 8-leaf stage） was 1/2 among the N applications. The correlations of the dry matter accumulation amount in seedling-jointing stage （X1）, jointing-leaf age12 stage （X2）, leaf age12-silking stage （X3）, silking -mature stage （X4） with yield （Y） in density treatments, N application amount treatments and N applications were analyzed by multiple regression analysis. The regression equations were Y=-5830.601+1.7267X4 (R2=0.90035^**), Y=11035.8559-7.7357X2+1.2211X4 (R=0.9924^**) and Y=2.739X1+1.016X4+69.528(R2=0.9311^**), respectively. In order to get high yield, controlling optimal dry matter accumulation before silking stage and increasing dry matter accumulation after silking stage.2. The effects of density and fertilizer treatments on the uptake of N, P and KThe regressive equations of density and total uptake of N, P and K in density experiments were Y = -3.5719X2 + 50.004X + 47.552（R2 = 0.7678^*）, Y = ^-2.7259X2 + 36.426X- 18.283（R2 = 0.8336^*） and Y = -4.9808X² + 70.805X - 73.865（R₂ = 0.8738*）, respectively. In density experiments, the highest uptake of N, P and K were presented in the treatment of 67500 plants.hm^-2, the uptake of N, P and K were 239.14 kg.hm^-2, 115.20kg.hm^-2 and 187.85kg.hm^-2, respectively.In N application amount treatments, the regressive equations of N application amount and total uptake of N, P and K were Y = -0.001X2 + 0.581X + 133.19（R2 = 0.926**）, Y= -0.0006X2 + 0.3314X + 64.214（R2 = 0.8914**） and Y = -0.0008X2 + 0.4374X + 101.54（R2 = 0.6906*）, respectively. In N application amount experiments, the highest uptake of N, P and K were presented in the treatment of 270 kg.hm^-2, the uptake of N, P and K were 231.46kg·hm^-2, 117.92kg·hm^-2 and 186.36kg·hm^-2, respectively. In N applications, the highest uptake of N, P and K were presented in the ratio of base-fertilizer to ear-fertilizer （fertilized at 8-leaf stage） was 1/2, the uptake of N, P and K were 230.26kg.hm^-2, 110.00kg.hm^-2and 184.50kg.hm^-2, respectively.3. The relationships between the uptake of N, P and K in various growing phases and yieldThe yield of Suyu 19 increased with the increasing of the uptake of N, P and K. The regressive equations of total uptake of N, P and K to yield were Y = 69.108X - 4122.4（R2 = 0.9583**）, Y=98.021X + 711.18（R2 = 0.7429*） and Y = 69.475X– 675.69（R2 = 0.9393**）, respectively.The relationships between the uptake of N, P and K in seedling-jointing stage （X1）, jointing-silking stage （X2）, silking-mature stage （X3） and yield （Y） were analyzed by multivariate linear regression analysis, the regression equations were Y=-4323.324+88.645X2+74.2645X3 （R2=0.9679**, the direct path coefficients were 0.4828 and 0.6168）, Y=1610.7194+157.8286X3（R2=0.5348*） and Y=-1245.0117 +94.2256X2+74.5156X3 （R2=0.9429**, the direct path coefficients were 0.6821 and 0.4188）, respectively. Which indicated that the increasement of the yield was mainly because the N uptake increased after jointing stage. Secondly, the increasement of the accumulation of K also increased the yield.4. The confirmation of Stanford index parameter of N, P and KOn the base of soil productivity (5941.0 kg.hm^-2) and the uptake of N (kg.hm^-2) from soil in the jointing stage, leaf age12 stage, silking stage and mature stage were14.12, 59.26, 95.32 and 135.35, respectively. The uptake of P (kg.hm^-2) at four stages were 7.89, 17.57, 23.82 and 48.47, respectively. And the uptake of K (kg.hm^-2) were 14.70, 47.78, 69.22 and 109.72, respectively. When the target yield was 12000 kg.hm^-2, the requirement of N, P and K was 1.928 kg, 0.944 kg 1.527kg per 100kg grain, respectively. The requirement of N (kg.hm^-2) in four growing stages was 29.94, 116.34, 146.40 and 230.26, respectively. The requirement of P (kg.hm^-2) in four growing stages was 10.85, 27.41, 35.32 and 86.20, respectively. And the requirement of K (kg.hm^-2) in four growing stages was 32.33, 94.38, 132.49 and 184.50, respectively. The utilization efficiency of N, P and K were 44.09%, 25.897%, 63.26%, respectively. The N （pure N）, P （P2O5） and K （K2O） application was 222.885 kg.hm^-2, 167.853 kg.hm^-2 and 54.173 kg.hm^-2, respectively.更多还原