【作者】 石垚；

【导师】 巨天珍；

【作者基本信息】 西北师范大学 ， 自然地理学， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 道路交通已成为区域经济协调发展和人类社会生活水平提高所必需的重要设施,但道路建设与生态环境保护这一现实存在的矛盾共同体,也受到了国内外包括道路工程建设、道路管理和生态环境研究在内的大量专家学者的广泛关注。道路施工过程一般历经3至4年的工期,而道路的营运则具有长期性或永久性,无论是道路的施工还是后期营运,其对周边区域生态环境的影响都是巨大的,尤其是高速公路建设,当它穿越生态环境脆弱、敏感地带或者自然保护区时,道路的廊道效应则更加明显,诸如生物生境的破碎化与岛屿化、生物种群生殖隔离的产生、生物稳定性群落格局的破坏及其所导致的植被发生逆向演替,还有如交通噪声、交通尾气、交通扬尘等造成的路域范围内物理化学环境的恶化。拟建道路工程项目“连霍国道主干线牛背至天水段高速公路”位于甘肃省东南部的天水市北道区辖区内,选线基本沿老310国道布局,大部分工程建设穿越甘肃省小陇山林区。根据我国自然地理环境特征的地域分异规律,该林区处于我国温带南缘与北亚热带的过渡地带,气候温和湿润,大多数地区属于暖温湿润、中温半湿润的大陆性季风气候类型,适宜林木繁衍、生长,也是甘肃省境内保存有大面积森林资源分布的地区之一。该道路工程建设共穿越了小陇山林区麦积、党川、百花、东岔四大林场,势必会对其产生直接的负面生态影响。如何保证在道路短期的施工和长期性使用过程中避免或尽量减少其对路域生态系统的不利影响,是目前道路工程设计管理人员和生态环境保护学者主要关心的话题。本论文正是从这一切入点出发来开展研究,在对工程建设沿线总体考察后,结合前期《连霍国道主干线牛背至天水工程水文地质勘查报告》、《连霍国道主干线牛背至天水工程地址选线水平垂直剖面图》、《连霍国道主干线牛背至天水工程建设环境影响评价报告书》、工程所在政区天水市北道区各乡镇社会经济发展概况、工程所在林区《小陇山林业实验局林业志》、工程选址所穿越各林场的林相分布资料图等大量科研调查文献基础上,从地质地貌、水文、气候、土壤、植被等相关环境因素的地域性分异特点来选择若干典型工程建设项目具体标段作为“路域生态区内植物群落及物种多样性调查研究”的主体对象。以期能对道路设计、施工及公路管理人员提供路域生态环境保护的思路与对策。本论文包括以下七章主要研究内容,分别概述如下:第一章为绪论。介绍了论文选题的背景和开展此项研究的意义,从目前道路工程建设与生态环境保护之间的相关性分析和道路规划设计者、施工者、管理者生态意识普遍提高的现状出发,论述了本论文研究的紧迫性和必要性,对道路生态学理论的发展和具体道路建设实践过程中的生态环境保护指导都具有重要意义。另外,本章还简要介绍了国内外关于开展道路生态环境研究的进展情况和不足之处。第二章主要介绍了研究区域道路工程建设情况和自然环境概况。首先对“连霍国道主干线牛背至天水段高速公路”工程建设情况进行了概括说明,其次对工程选线所经过地区的区域自然地理环境特点和生态系统及植物群落类型进行了调查和论述,为本论文的进一步研究提供基础资料。第三章论述了论文的研究思路、研究内容和选用的技术方法。首先明晰了本论文开展研究的思路,结合道路工程建设实际,为了便于调研和管理,根据工程建设所在地区的林场分布及自然环境特点,将整个道路工程建设所在路域划分为若干个路域生态区及详细的小的路域生态带;在所划分的具体的小的路域生态带内选择若干个典型的重点工程建设标段作为本次调查研究的主体对象;在确定了具体的重点主体研究对象和目标区域后,就要在目标区域内进行植被类型调查,进而在各调查区域内进行森林植被的群落学调查;通过对不同工程路域生态小段内的各个样方收集数据的处理分析,来定量描述此路域生态段内的群落类型、群落层分布特征、群落组成结构、群落物种多样性等群落生态学特征。最后根据确定的研究思路明确论文研究方向和采用的技术方法,包括:路域生态区划方法、野外调查方法、路域植物物种重要值计算方法、路域植物种群生态位测度方法、路域植物种群空间分布格局研究方法、路域植物群落物种多样性测度方法和路域植物群落次生演替的预测方法。第四章则对该工程建设项目路域生态系统进行了简单的类型划分和生态区划。在本章中,首先对路域生态系统概念进行了界定,随后对本研究涉及的路域生态系统类型和生态区区划进行了初步研究,最后结合路域生态区划原则与方法把本论文研究路域进行了细致生态区划,分为四个大的路域生态区和若干个路域生态带及生态小段。四个大的路域生态区为:麦积林场路域生态区、党川林场路域生态区、百花林场路域生态区和东岔林场路域生态区。第五章为本论文的主体部分,详细研究了路域生态区内典型路段上的植物群落生态和物种多样性特征。选择了温泉隧道路域生态带和花石山1#隧道路域生态带两个典型路域生态带作为研究的主要对象,并对其路域生态带内所包括的植物群落类型进行了简单描述;随后在野外大量调查的基础上,对两大路域生态带内出现的各植物物种重要值进行了计算与分析(温泉隧道路域生态带内包括乔木层和灌木层);通过各物种在群落中的重要值的计算,进一步分析其种群的生态位特征,包括生态位宽度和生态位重叠;随后,通过多尺度格局分析和点格局分析两种方法的对比分析,得出不同种群在路域生态带内的空间分布特征;最后,对路域生态带内的物种多样性特征进行了分析研究。这一章内容的研究结果主要是以期为工程后期的路域植被恢复和生态管理奠定科学基础。第六章是在前边研究的基础上,借助此课题水文地质变化研究的部分成果,对路域生态区内植物群落一维资源轴(地下水变化)下的的动态演替进行了简单预测,并对其路域生态系统植被修复进行了深层次的探讨。最后一章是总结性章节,对本论文研究的结论进行了简单概括,并提出了本论文研究需要改进的内容和进一步开展细致研究的建议,以期对作者今后开展此类研究提供方向。更多还原

【Abstract】 The traffic has been seemed to be an important implement for region economy harmonized development and human society living level improving, but the contradiction between road construction and environmental protection, has also been attention by road construction engineers, road traffic managers and environment protectors. The road construction process generally spends 3 or 4 years, but the operation of it will lasts for 100 years or even more. So" the road construction and operation both have a great impact on environment of nearby region, especially the highway road, when across the ecological fragile and sensitive region, it’s corridor effect takes even more obviously, just like the habitat fragmentation and isolation, population reproduction isolation, breakdown of the stable community spatial patterns, converse vegetation successions, etc.The project of "Niubei to Tianshui highway of main lines of national road-LianHuo" located in Beidao district, Tianshui city, southeast of Gansu province, most parts of the project crossed the Xiaolongshan Forestry Region. This region is situated in the transition area between south brink of temperate zone and subtropical zone in China, the climate are temperate and moist, and suit for forest breeding and growing, even it is the few region that large area of forest distributed over Gansu province.The highway project crossed Maiji, Dangchuan, Baihua, Dongcha four forestry centre of Xiaolongshan forestry region, and how to make sure that minimize or avoid the negative impact of road construction and operation on Road-Region Ecosystem, is the urgent task faced to the project engineers, managers, and environment protectors. And this thesis mainly researched from this view, behind the inspection of all road project line, combined with《Report on hydro-geology reconnaissance of Niubei to Tianshui highway of main lines of national road-LianHuo》,《Report on environmental impact assessment of Niubei to Tianshui highway of main lines of national road-LianHuo》, and other reports which had been finished before this research. Eventually, chose two typical section of the whole road region ecosystem to be the main objective of the research, and hoped to provide some tactics or thinking for road project engineers, designers, constructors, and managers.The first chapter introduced the background and significance of this research, because it can improve the theory research on Road Ecology, but also provide much more practical experience to road projects designer and manager. It introduced the situation of the road ecology and environment protection research progress in China and the whole world.The second chapter introduced the situation of this road project’s construction and natural environment in our research region, for providing some fundamental information to our research.The third chapter talked the thinking, contents, and methods. First, talked the thinking of the whole thesis: combined with the facts of road project construction, the natural environment characteristics of the four forestry centre, and be convenient for investigation and management, we divided the whole research area to four Road-Ecosystem Region, and some more Road-Ecosystem Belt, in which we chose some typical Road-Ecosystem Section to be our main research object; Second, we fixed up some sample area in each chosen Road-Ecosystem Section, then investigated the vegetation type and plants community ecology characteristics; In the end, elaborated the methods of the whole research, including "methods and steps of the field vegetable survey, methods of the road ecological regionalization, methods of the calculation to importance value of plant species, methods of the calculation to ecological niches of plant population, methods of the calculation to spatial distribution pattern of plant population, methods of the calculation to species diversity of plant community, and the anticipation methods of secondary succession of plant community".The forth chapter concretely taked the type and region division for the whole Road-Ecosystem, followed by the thinking of the thesis research, we divided the whole road-effect area to four road ecological region: Maiji Forestry Centre Road-Ecology Region, Dangchuan Forestry Centre Road-Ecology Region, Baihua Forestry Centre Road-Ecology Region, and Dongcha Forestry Centre Road-Ecology Region.The fifth chapter researched the community ecological characteristics and diversity of the plant species in each Road-Ecosystem Section, we chose Wenquan Chunnel Road -Ecosystem Section and Huashishan 1# Chunnel Road -Ecosystem Section to be our main research objects. First, calculated and analyzed the importance value of each plant appeared in the Road -Ecosystem Section (both arbor and bush were included in Wenquan Chunnel Road -Ecosystem Section); Second, calculated and analyzed the ecological niches of each plant, including the width and overlaps of ecological niches; Third, analyzed the spatial distribution pattern characteristics of each plant population in the Road -Ecosystem Section, by analysis of Spatial Multi-Scale Pattern and Spatial Point Pattern for plant species; And in the end, concretely analyzed the diversity of the plant species in each Road -Ecosystem Section. The results of the whole research in this chapter mainly provided scientific foundation to the following task of road vegetation restoration and ecological management.The sixth chapter forecasted the secondary succession of plant community and characteristics changing in the Road -Ecosystem Region, such as ecological niche changing, spatial distribution pattern changing, etc. And also discussed the methods of vegetation restoration of the Road-Ecosystem.The final chapter is a conclusive section including the main findings, future study recommendations; nevertheless, the insufficiencies of studies in the dissertation and the new horizon of road ecology deserving the efforts to explore also were introduced.更多还原