【作者】 李静静；

【导师】 王沛；

【作者基本信息】 西北师范大学 ， 应用心理学， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 句子理解是语言理解的基本形式与核心。研究者普遍认为句子加工主要涉及到句法加工和语义加工及其相互关系。前者主要是对句法结构的识别,监测和建构;后者则包括单词的语义通达、辨义与匹配及基于句法结构的主题角色分配过程。关于句子加工的理论,长期以来一直存在着三种理论走向:独立说、交互说和平行说,其争论的焦点是语义和句法加工的关系问题。如今,在以ERP等为核心的神经认知心理语言学方法的推动下,形成了句法中心说和语义中心说两种对立的观点,前者认为句法加工是自动的、初始的,且不受语义变量的影响,语义加工受句法加工的影响;后者认为语言加工者会利用语义信息引导对句子句法结构的分析,即语义加工影响句法加工。目前关于句子加工的研究主要涉及了英语、荷兰语等印-欧语系的语言,而且大多数研究都是针对母语而言的,缺少汉语和二语句子加工心理机制的探讨。而且以往的研究主要是针对简单句子的,缺乏对复杂句子以及不同句法结构句子加工的对比。研究者认为句法结构和被试二语的熟练程度是影响句子加工心理机制的主要因素。因此,本研究利用事件相关电位(ERP)技术,从句法结构和被试二语的熟练程度出发,探讨中国大学生英语句子加工的心理机制,同时对中文和英文句法和语义加工的关系做一对比。句法结构按照句法复杂程度从三个水平进行操纵:英语情态简单句、“it”形式主语从句和“if”虚拟语气句,其中后两种句子属于复杂句;英语熟练程度按照被试的英语水平分为四级组被试(英语过国家四级但没过六级)和八级组被试(英语过国家专业八级),利用ERP的各项指标回答句法加工和语义加工的关系问题。研究结果表明:(1)中国大学生英语句子加工是语义驱动的,语义加工先于句法加工。四级被试三种句型和八级被试在加工复杂句时,语义加工独立于句法加工并且对句法加工有影响;而八级被试简单句子加工中语义加工和句法加工存在交互作用,句法加工对语义加工有影响。(2)句法结构对句法加工有调节作用,四级被试句子加工随着句法结构复杂程度的增加,句法加工需要的认知负荷逐渐增大;而八级被试三种句型句法加工需要的认知负荷没有差异。(3)四级和八级被试对情态简单句和“it”形式主语从句句法加工需要的认知负荷没有显著差异,但是四级被试“if”虚拟语气句句法加工需要的认知负荷显著地大于八级被试。(4)中国大学生汉语(一语)和英语(二语)语义是共同表征的,中文句子语义加工显著地快于英文句子。更多还原

【Abstract】 Sentence processing is the basic format and core of language comprehension. Researchers generally consider that sentence processing mainly involves syntactic and semantic processing. The former one mainly focuses on the identification, monitoring, and construction. The later one concludes the semantic access, identification, match, and the processing of the design of subject assign, which is based on the structure of syntactic. It has been a long time that there are some theories about the sentence processing. They are three theory models: the principle-based model, the constraint-based model and the concurrent model. And they are disputing for the relationship between syntactic and semantic processing. Now researchers have adopted methods of neural cognitive Psycholinguistic, among which event-related brain potentials (ERP) is the core of those. Under the influence of ERP, now researchers have formed syntactic-centered model and semantic-centered model, which conflict. The former model thinks the syntactic processing is automatic, original, and without the influence of semantic processing. The later one thinks the language processor can use the semantic information to influence the analyzing of the syntactic structure of sentence, i.e., the processing of the semantic will influence the processing of the syntactic.The present results about the processing of the sentence come from the studies run with English and other Indo-European language as subjects’ native language. There are few studies which deal with the processing of the second language and Chinese. And most studies are about simple sentence, which is lacking the study of complex sentences and different syntactic structure. Researchers consider that syntactic structure and the influence conditions of English are the main factors, which can impact the sentence processing. So researchers tried to use the event-related brain potentials (ERP) to study English sentence processing of Chinese ESL learners, and made a contrast between the processing of syntactic and semantic of English and Chinese. The structure includes three types: simple sentence, the sentence which is introduced by "it", and the sentence which is introduced by "if, which the later two are complex sentences. Subjects contains tow groups, one is the ESL who passed CET-4,the other passed TEM-8 .The purpose of this researchers is to probe the relationship of syntactic and semantic relationships by the using of ERP. The results show that:(1) Chinese ESL learners are semantic-driven in the processing of sentences. The semantic processing is applied prior to the syntactic processing. The semantic processing is independent and has the influence on syntactic processing; this character is shown by the OET-4 group and TEM-8 group. The semantic processing and the syntactic processes have interaction in the processing of the empirical of simple sentences by the TEM-8 group. The Semantic process can influence the processing of syntactic. The findings supported the semantic centered theory partly.(2) The sentence structure can justify the syntactic processing. The more complicated of syntactic structure, the subjects need more cognitive load to syntactic processing by the CET-4 group. For the subjects of TEM-8 group ,there is no difference between these three kinds of sentences.(3) There is no difference between the CET-4 group and TEM-8 group in the processing of the experiment of the simple sentences and the syntactic processing of "it" sentences . But the CET-4 group need more cognitive load on "if sentences than the TEM-8 group.(4) The semantic representation of Chinese (L1) and English (L2) are same by Chinese university students. The subjects process the semantic of the Chinese sentence more quickly than English sentences.更多还原