【作者】 樊召锋；

【导师】 杨玲；

【作者基本信息】 西北师范大学 ， 应用心理学， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 作为人类高度社会化的负性自我道德情感体验,内疚和羞耻既是个体对自身经历的不良事件进行评价和认知的产物,同时也是影响个体后续行为的重要因素,与个体的身心健康和社会化的发展有着非常密切的关系。内疚和羞耻关系的研究是近十年来国内外心理学界研究的热点课题,这两者有许多相似之处,但更多的心理学研究关注的是它们的差异,越来越多的研究揭示出内疚和羞耻在概念界定、认知评价、情感体验、行为表现以及心理病理学等方面表现出很大的不同。与此同时,关注一些主要变量与内疚和羞耻的关系,对人们更好的理解负性情绪也有着很重要的作用。作为人格之核心的自尊是人本能性的生命需要,实现着人各种需要间的和谐性调节,目前中西方学者一致认为自尊是在对自身价值进行判断基础上产生的情感体验。归因方式是个人的自我认识的重要组成部分,是对人进行评价的依据。个人主义者文化的代表美国人倾向于用个人自身的原因来解释社会事件的发生,而集体主义者文化的代表中国人则倾向于从环境或外部原因来解释社会事件的发生。本研究通过质和量的方法,运用自我报告法和访谈法来探讨中学生内疚与羞耻的关系,以及自尊、归因方式与内疚和羞耻关系的结构方程模型,以期对内疚与羞耻关系的理论研究和中学生的道德建设做出贡献。本研究包括一个预测和两个系列研究。研究结果表明:1.“公开化和私人化”假设以及“伤害自我与伤害他人”假设同样适合于中国中学生群体;2.中学生内疚感和羞耻感总体上存在显著差异,同时存在一个由相同到分化的关键期,大致在初三年级;3.自尊是归因方式与内疚和羞耻之间的中介变量,归因方式对自尊的直接作用大于对内疚和羞耻的直接作用,对内疚和羞耻的间接作用大于直接作用;4.个体对内疚事件和羞耻事件的归因方式不同于正性事件,个体对内疚事件更倾向内归因,对羞耻事件更倾向外归因;5.存在“后悔与面子”假设,即当个体经历了内疚事件之后,通常会感到后悔,而经历了羞耻事件之后,通常会感到失面子。更多还原

【Abstract】 As of the human highly socialized negative self-moral and emotional experience, guilt and shame are the appraisal and cognition product that the individual experiences ill events, they are as well very important factors affecting the individual following behaviors, and have extremely close relationship with the individual physically and mentally healthy and the social development. The relational research about guilt and shame has been the hot topic of domestic and foreign psychologists for the last ten years. Guilt and shame have many similarities, but more psychological researches are focused on their difference, more and more researches reveal their huge difference in conception, cognition appraisal, emotional experience, behavior performance and psychological pathology. At the same time, paying attention to relations between some main variables and guilt and shame also has the very noticeable role to make a better understanding of negative moods. As the core of personality, self-esteem is the instinctive need to individual, and realizes the harmonious adjustment among various needs. Presently the western scholars think that self-esteem is the emotional experience based on the judgment to self-value. Attributional style is the important constituent of individual self-cognition, and is the individual appraisal basis. American, the individualist culture representative, favors to use individual inner reasons to explain the social events’ occurrence, but Chinese, the collectivism culture representative, favors to use environment or external reasons to explain the social events’ occurrence. This research explores the relationship of guilt and shame about middle-school students using qualitative and quantitative method, and get the structure equation model about self-esteem and attributional style and guilt and shame using the self-report method and the interview method, hoping to contribute on the guilt and shame theory research and middle-school students’ morality construction. This study consists of one preparatory and two series researches. The results are as follows:1. The hypothesises of "public and personal" and "injuring self and injuring the other" are also applicable to China middle-school students community;2. Middle-school students’ guilt and shame have significant differences. There is a key time from the same to difference, and this key time is approximately in the third grade;3. Self-esteem is the intermediary variable of attributional style and guilt and shame. The direct impact of attributional style to self-esteem is stronger than the direct impact of attributional style to guilt and shame, and the indirect impact of attributional style to guilt and shame is stronger than the direct impact;4. Individual attributional style to the guilt and shame events is different to the positive events, and individual tends to use inner reasons to explain the guilt events, and tends to use external reasons to explain the shame events;5. The hypothesis of "regret and face" is existing, namely, the individual usually feels regretting after experiencing the guilt events, but usually feels losing face after experiencing the shame events.更多还原