【作者】 宋海燕；

【导师】 叶优良；

【作者基本信息】 山东农业大学 ， 植物营养学， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 本文通过农户调查、土壤测试分析,结合统计数据和室内分析,对山东省小麦玉米产业发展、肥料施用、土壤养分变化,以及养分资源平衡状况进行了分析,主要研究结果如下:1.自1949年以来,山东省粮食总产和单产都呈现明显增加的趋势,但不同年份间变幅较大。化肥投入量逐年增加,化肥与粮食产量的关系可以用一元二次函数来描述,相关系数达到了极显著水平。从肥料三要素的比例来看,氮、磷的比例逐步增加,而钾的比例则明显降低。在农业生产中,作物所需要的氮、磷则主要靠化肥提供。2.山东小麦基肥以复合肥、二铵和尿素为主,部分农民施用过磷酸钙、硝铵和土杂肥;追施以尿素和碳铵为主。农民在玉米季投入肥料品种主要以尿素、复合肥和二铵为主,很少农户投入有机肥。小麦上氮、磷、钾肥的平均投入分别是247.6kg.hm-2、131.5kg.hm-2和72.1kg.hm-2。玉米上氮、磷、钾肥的平均投入分别是233.6kg.hm-2、77.2 kg.hm-2和57.8 kg.hm-2。3.对于冬小麦-夏玉米轮作周期,氮肥偏生产力随着单位面积籽粒产量的增加而呈线性增加,随着单位面积氮肥用量的增加而呈指数降低,与氮肥用量的相关性要远好于与籽粒产量的相关性。4.建国以来,山东省氮素在1972年以前处于亏缺状态,1982年以来,一直盈余;磷素在1962年以前处于亏缺状态,1972年开始盈余,以后盈余量逐年增加;自1952年以来,钾素始终处于亏缺状态。通过对小麦玉米轮作体系养分平衡研究表明,氮盈余77.15×104t,磷赢余53.51×104t,钾素亏缺86.98×104t。5.从山东省化肥生产与消费状况来看,2005年氮肥处于过剩状况,盈余276.82万吨;磷肥生产满足不了其需求的状况,亏缺35.35万吨;钾肥处于供不应求的局面,亏缺24.01万吨。6.山东省土壤养分状况属适中偏上水平。对山东省主要粮田测定表明,山东省的全磷、速效磷含量显著提高,全氮、有机质和速效钾含量也有增加。与第二次土壤普查相比,山东省土壤养分都有不同程度的提高,增幅在18.98%~296.00%之间。7.土壤有机质与有效铁、有效锰、有效铜、有效锌之间相关性均不显著;腐殖质与有效铁、有效锰和有效锌之间呈显著的正相关;胡敏酸与有效铁、有效锰和有效锌之间呈负相关,与有效铜呈显著的正相关。腐殖质含量属中等偏下水平。0~20cm土壤腐殖质、胡敏酸和富里酸含量明显20~40cm土壤。土壤类型不同,土壤腐殖质组成有明显的差异。高产条件下0~20cm土壤的腐殖质、富里酸、胡敏酸含量都比中产和低产高。更多还原

【Abstract】 According to the farmer investigation,soil testing analyzing and statistic data,we analyze the development of wheat and maize,fertilizer consume consumption,the soil nutrient variety and the balance of nutrient resource in Shandong.The main results are as follows:1.The fertilizer on wheat and maize increases year by year from 1949,which can be described using the fuction ,which correlation coefficient is most remarkable.From the proportion of the three elements,we can see the proportion of nitrogen and phosphorous increases step by step,but potassium envidently decreases.In the agriculture,the nitrogen and phosphorous the crop need are main supplied by chemical fertilizer.2.The farmers mainly use the compound fertilizer,(NH4)2HPO4 and carbamide as the wheat basic fertilizer,but part of farmers use Ca(H2PO4)2-H2O,NH4NO3 and mixed soil fertilizer. The farmers mainly use the compound fertilizer,(NH4)2HPO4 and carbamide as the maize basic fertilizer,but less use organic fertilizer. The nitrogen,phosphor and Potassium fertilizer average application is 247.6kg.hm-2,131.5kg.hm-2 and 72.1kg.hm-2 on wheat and 233.6kg.hm-2,77.2 kg.hm-2 and 57.8 kg.hm-2 on maize.3.On the condition of conventional comsuption of nitrogen,the nitrogen partial factor productivity linearly increases with the grain yield in unit area,but decreases with the comsuption of nitrogen in unit area.The relativity on comsuption of nitrogen is better than grain yield. According to the research of the wheat-maize system nutrient balance,we can see that nitrogen is surplus 77.15×104t,phosphor is surplus 53.51×104t and Potassium is wane 86.98×104t.4.The nitrogen was deficiency from 1972,which is surplus from 1982. The phosphorous was deficiency from 1962, which is surplus from 1972 and the surplus amount increases every year. The potassium was deficiency from 1972.5.According to the manufacture and consumption of chemical fertilizer in 2005,we can see that nitrogen fertilizer is surplus 276.82×104t,phosphorous is deficient 35.35×104t and Potassium fertilizer is deficient 24.01×104t .6.According to the testing of the main cropland in Shandong ,we can see that the total phosphor and available phosphor remarkably increase ,the total nitrogen,organic matter and available Potassium also increase.Compared with the second soil investigation,the soil nutrient increases in differtent degree,which variety from 18.98% to 296.00%.7.The content of the humus belongs to the less moderate level. The contents of the humus,HAand FA in 0~20 cm are higher than the 20~40cm.The soil which has higher organic matter,the content of FA is also higher.In different agrotype,the component of soil humus is different.In the higher yield condition,the contents of the humus,HAand FA are higher than the moderate and lower yield.更多还原