【作者】 孟庆英；

【导师】 孙绪艮；

【作者基本信息】 山东农业大学 ， 森林保护， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 核桃扁叶甲Gastrolina depressa Baly是枫杨Pterocarya stenoprera C.、核桃Juglans regia L.、核桃楸树Juglans mandshurica M.的主要食叶害虫之一。本文研究了核桃扁叶甲的基本生物学特性,并用“Y”形嗅觉仪法、风洞法和养虫笼法观测了该叶甲对7种树种气味物质的嗅觉反应,用养虫笼法测试了核桃扁叶甲G. depressa成虫在寄主寻找过程中对叶片颜色的反应,并利用触角电位EAG(Electroantennogram)技术记录了核桃扁叶甲对不同植物叶片挥发性物质的反应。结果摘要如下:1核桃扁叶甲的生物学特性研究1.1生物学核桃扁叶甲在山东泰安地区,1年发生2~3代,有世代重叠,以成虫在土壤中越冬。翌年4月上旬开始上树活动,补充营养后即交尾产卵,20℃条件下卵期平均为(4.95±0.41)d,第1代幼5月份达到危害高峰,幼虫共3龄,初龄幼虫集中危害,25℃条件下平均历期为2~3d,2龄后分散危害,平均历期为2~3d,老熟幼虫在3~4d后不再取食,进入预蛹期,1~2d后化蛹,蛹期2~3d。成虫羽化后即取食危害,补充营养,交尾产卵,25℃条件下成虫产卵前期为(8.79±0.55)d,全世代历期为(23.73±2.02)d。5月底出现2代幼虫,6月中旬1代或2代成虫遇高温在浅土层或枯落物中越夏,7月底1代或2代成虫开始进行第二次危害,并交尾产卵、孵化,8月份达到第二次危害高峰,9月下旬2代或3代成虫开始下树越冬。1.2发育起点温度和有效积温在16℃~32℃范围内,核桃扁叶甲发育历期随温度的升高而缩短。卵期、幼虫期、蛹期、产卵前期的发育起点温度分别为9.44℃、12.21℃、14.32℃、11.05℃,有效积温分别为43.22日·度、77.16日·度、36.04日·度、104.68日·度;全世代的发育起点温度为11.97℃,有效积温为260.49日·度。2核桃扁叶甲成虫对不同树种挥发性物质的嗅觉反应2.1“Y”形嗅觉仪法核桃扁叶甲成虫在寻找寄主植物的过程中,能被寄主植物释放的化学气味物质所吸引,不同寄主植物对其引诱程度不同,其中枫杨和核桃的引诱作用最强,对其选择率分别为76.7%和53.3%。同种寄主植物对雌雄成虫的引诱作用也存在差异。2.2风洞法核桃扁叶甲成虫对寄主植物,尤其对枫杨表现出了很强的趋向性,选择率达76.7%,其次是核桃,选择率也在60%以上;而对非寄主植物桑Morus alba L.、刺槐Robinia pseudoacacia L.等的选择率较低,均在45%以下。该结果与嗅觉仪的测定结果基本一致。在寻找过程中,多为爬行寻找寄主,爬行过程中触角呈60o角不断摆动。2.3养虫笼观察法核桃扁叶甲雌、雄成虫对寄主植物尤其是枫杨和核桃表现出较高的选择性,平均选择率分别为20%和13.9%;而对非寄主植物桑、刺槐、法桐Plaanus orientalis L.、柳树Salix babylonica L.、加杨Populus canadensis M.的平均选择率较低,分别为7.8%、7.8%、3.9%、5.0%和5.0%。雌成虫对寄主表现出的选择性略强于雄成虫,与嗅觉仪和风洞测试结果基本一致。2.4林间观察法发生区内枫杨受害严重,核桃次之,而与枫杨、核桃同海拔高度且距离较近的槐树、柳树、杨树和法桐等没有发现该虫以及被危害的情况,说明该虫的最适寄主为枫杨,其次为核桃。3核桃扁叶甲对不同颜色的趋向反应核桃扁叶甲对绿色表现出很强的趋向性,平均选择率达43.9%,对黄色、红色和粉红色的选择率较低,均在25%以下。4核桃扁叶甲对不同寄主植物叶片挥发物的触角电位反应4.1枫杨、核桃叶片挥发性物质引起的触角放电频率分别为32次/s和21次/s,而刺槐、柳树叶片挥发性物质引起的放电频率分别为10.2次/s和6.7次/s,与前者相比存在较大差异。4.2寄主植物枫杨、核桃挥发性物质刺激产生的触角电位值较高,分别为0.267mV和0.226mV,而非寄主植物刺槐、柳树挥发性物质刺激产生的电位值则较低,分别为0.147mV和0.131mV。4.3核桃扁叶甲的触角电位活性与寄主植物叶片挥发性物质流量的变化趋势基本一致,在测定范围内,流量越大,触角电位值越大。更多还原

【Abstract】 Gastrolina depressa Baly is one of the most important leaf-eating insects to Pterocarya. stenoprera C., Juglans regia L. and Juglans mandshurica M.. In this thesis, biology of Gastrolina depressa was studied. And the olfactory response of Gastrolina depressa to odor volatiles from 7 species of trees (Pterocarya stenoprera,Juglans regia, Morus alba,Plaanus orintalis, Robinia pseudoacacia, Salix babylonica, Populus Canadensis) were researched by using“Y”-shaped olfactometer, wind tunnel and net cage, and the visusal selectivity of the insect to different colours also studied. The behavior response of Gastrolina depressa to volatile odors from 4 species of trees were recorded using EAG(Electroantennogram).1 Studies on the biology of Gastrolina depressa Baly1.1 Biology of Gastrolina depressa Baly With two or three generations per year and overwintered in adult in soil in Taian area, Shandong Province. The adults of overwinter began to appear in early-April. The oviposition peak to produce the first generation occurred in May, and the adults of the second generation appeared in late-May. Adults of the first or second generation began to burrow into soil or litters for dormancy in mid-June. The larvae of two or third generation appeared in early-August and reached the second damage peak. All of the adults overweintered in late-September.1.2 Developmental threshold temperature and rffective accumulated temperatureTemperatures range between 6℃~32℃,the durations of different stages of Gastrolina depressa shortened as temperature rising. The developmental threshold temperatures of egg,larva,pupa and pre-oviposition stages was estimated to be 9.4℃,12.2℃,14.3℃and 11.1℃,and the effective accumulated temperatures were 43.2,77.2,36.0 and 104.7 degree-day,respectively.The developmental threshold temperature was 12.0℃and the effective accumulated temperature was 260.5degree-day for the whole generation.2 The odor responses of adult Gastrolina depressa to different host volatiles2.1“Y”olfactometerIn the process of adult Gastrolina depressa searching host plants,the reaction has a hand in the scent,that’s, it can be attracted by the volatiles of host plants. Different hosts attribute their own degrees, and actions of Pterocarya stenoprera, Juglans regia are best, at 76.7 % and 53.3 % respectively. Certain species’actions to female and male Gastrolina depressa are different.2.2 The wind tunnelGastrolina depressa shows great tendency to host plants, especially Pterocarya stenoprera and Juglans regia, at 76.7% and 60% respectively, while shows lower tendency to non-host plants, which are all less than 45%. During the process of searching, adult almost crawl to the host with their antennae pendulum continually.2.3 Net cageAdult of Gastrolina depressa shows great tendency to host plants, such as Pterocarya stenoprera and Juglans regia, the rate of choices are 20% and 13.9%, respectively. It is on the contrary to non-host, including Morus alba,Robinia pseudoacacia,Plaanus orintalis,Salix babylonica,Populus Canadensis, respectively, 7.8%、7.8%、3.9%、5.0%和5.0%. In this process, female shows higher tendency to the host plants than male, and this result corresponds with“Y”olfactometer and the wind tunnel.2.4 The observation of forest field Pterocarya stenoprera is destroyed seriously in the field, and Juglans regia the second. But the others near the forest are all light. It shows that the former could be the most suitable host of the pest.3 The tendency of Gastrolina depressa to the different coloursThe insect expressed very powerful tendency to the green, at 43.9% on the average, and shows lower tendency to yellow, red and pink, which all lower than 25%.4 EAG responses to the volatiles of different host plants4.1 The frenquency induced by the volatiles of P. stenoprera and J. regia are 32times/s and 21times/s, respectively. but non-host R.pseudoacacia and S.babylonica are only 10.2times/s and 6.7times/s respectively,quite different from the former.4.2 Host plants induced greater electricity calues, such as P. stenoprera and J. regia are at 0.267mV and 0.226mV, respectively. But non-host plants such as R.pseudoacacia and S.babylonica 0.147mV and 0.131mV, respectively.4.3 The activity of EAG is accord with the volatile current, the bigger the currents are, the higher the electricity values are.更多还原