【作者】 朱小梅；

【导师】 王正银；

【作者基本信息】 西南大学 ， 植物营养学， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 莴笋是我国南方较为广泛种植的叶菜类蔬菜，重庆地区种植面积也较大。然而，目前的蔬菜生产中普遍存在着注重氮磷钾化肥的大量施用，而忽视了有机肥在提高蔬菜产量、改善蔬菜品质、提高土壤肥力等方面的作用。本试验以莴笋为材料，采用盆栽试验、田间试验、室内化学分析和统计分析相结合的方法，研究了泥炭、普通菜籽粕和黄籽菜籽粕三种优质有机肥及其不同施用量对莴笋生物性状、产量、品质及生理特性的影响，以期筛选出适宜重庆地区菜园土壤蔬菜优质高产的有机肥种类和施用量，为重庆地区菜园土壤的合理施肥和优质蔬菜生产提供理论依据。研究结果表明：1．在施用一定量化肥的基础上增施不同水平的泥炭、普通菜籽粕和黄籽菜籽粕使莴笋生物量在莲座叶生长前、后期分别提高了11.1％-89.7％和6.8％-54.7％，且生物量最高者均为施用8g/kg普通菜籽粕的处理。有机肥处理莴笋叶片数均较对照多，且用量为1g/kg-4g/kg时，叶片数以黄籽菜籽粕处理＞普通菜籽粕处理＞泥炭处理。除黄籽菜籽粕施用量为8g/kg的处理外，其他有机肥处理莴笋株高在莲座叶生长前、后期均高于对照。这说明泥炭、普通菜籽粕用量在1-8g/kg范围内均可促进莴笋生长，使其生物性状达到最佳；而黄籽菜籽粕施用量高于4g/kg后会对莴笋前期生长产生不良影响。2．泥炭、普通菜籽粕和黄籽菜籽粕的施用均增加莲座叶生长期莴笋叶硝酸盐含量，且随着有机肥施用量增加硝酸盐含量总体呈上升趋势，但最高量未超过3000mg/kg。莲座叶生长前期泥炭处理维生素C含量较对照增加6.5％-8.2％，高于普通菜籽粕和黄籽菜籽粕处理；生长后期的维生素C含量以黄籽菜籽粕处理最高。泥炭和普通菜籽粕处理提高莲座叶生长前期莴笋还原糖含量，在普通菜籽粕施用量为4g/kg时增幅最大，为50.2％；生长后期还原糖含量总体呈下降趋势。莲座叶生长前期有机肥处理氨基酸含量较对照提高19.0％-202.5％，并以普通菜籽粕施用量为8g/kg时增幅最大；生长后期黄籽菜籽粕处理氨基酸含量随其施用量的增加呈直线上升趋势，且均高于其他两种有机肥处理。有机肥处理增加莴笋粗蛋白含量，在莲座叶生长期同一有机肥水平莴笋粗蛋白含量均以黄籽菜籽粕处理最高。莲座叶生长前期有机肥处理磷含量基本低于对照，后期总体高于对照；钾含量在整个莲座叶生长期均显著高于对照。3．增施泥炭、普通菜籽粕和黄籽菜籽粕增加了整个莲座叶生长期莴笋叶绿素a、b和叶绿素总量，且泥炭、普通菜籽粕施用量与对应的叶绿素a、b和叶绿素总量均呈显著正相关。施用低量普通菜籽粕(1g/kg-4g/kg)或黄籽菜籽粕(1g/kg-2g/kg)使莴笋莲座叶生长前期硝酸还原酶活性提高30.8％-86.2％，但生长后期有机肥处理硝酸还原酶活性均低于对照，且总体表现出随着用量增加，酶活性降低。有机肥的施用使莴笋莲座叶生长前、后期的过氧化物酶活性分别比相应对照提高3.5％-192.2％和2.5％-116.7％，且活性高低均以黄籽菜籽粕＞普通菜籽粕＞泥炭。莲座叶生长前、后期，莴笋过氧化氢酶活性均随着有机肥用量的增加而增强，且当黄籽菜籽粕施用量为8g/kg时，酶活性分别比相应对照提高了61.3％和46.1％。4．增施普通菜籽粕和黄籽菜籽粕可显著改善土壤pH，其用量与土壤pH间呈显著负相关，泥炭对土壤pH的影响不明显。增施普通菜籽粕和黄耔菜籽粕增加了土壤有效氮含量，增幅分别为16.3％-69.4％和10.4％-51.7％，而泥炭效果不显著。三种有机肥均显著提高土壤有效磷和有机质的含量，但对提高土壤有效钾含量无明显效果。5．大田试验中，三个时期莴笋叶品质指标的变化表明，莴笋叶硝酸盐、维生素C和钾含量均以旺长期最高，还原糖含量以成熟期最高，粗蛋白含量以莲座叶生长期最高。增施泥炭、菜籽粕较对照分别使莴笋增产50.9％和66.4％；显著降低莴笋茎硝酸盐含量：提高莴笋茎、叶的维生素C含量；使莴笋茎的还原糖含量较对照增加22.4％-26.1％磷、钾含量分别增加8.2％-14.0％和16.9％-17.2％；大大提高莴笋茎鲜味氨基酸占氨基酸总量的比例及莴笋叶甜味、鲜味氨基酸所占比例；但在提高莴笋茎、叶必需氨基酸营养价值方面，仅泥炭处理表现出一定的正效应。更多还原

【Abstract】 Lettuce is the leafy vegetable widespread grown in the south China. There are large areas of lettuce in Chongqing. At present, during the process of planting vegetable, people pay more attentainon to applying more chemical fertilizer on vegetable while ignore the effects of organic fertilizer on yield, quality, soil fertility and so on. Combining with field experiment, pot experiment, indoor chemical analysis and statistic analysis, this research was conduced to study the effects of different kind and different rate of organic fertilizer （peat, common rapeseed cake and yellow rapeseed cake） on growth, yield, quality and physiological-biochemical characteristics of lettuce. In order to filtrate the suitable kind and rate of organic fertilizer which was fitting to the garden soil of Chongqing. Also academic reasons were provided by the research for reasonably fertilizing and growing high quality vegetable. The main results were as follows:1.The application with different rate of peat, common rapeseed cake（CRc） and yellow rapeseed cake（YRc） increased the yield of lettuce from 11.1%-89.7% and 6.8%-54.7% in the early and later growth stage of rosette leaf. And the treatment of which the application of CRC was 8g/kg got the highest yield. The leaf number of which applied organic fertilizer were more than CK, when the rate of organic fertilizer was from 1g/kg-4g/kg, the numbers of leaf number were in the order of YRc＞CRc＞peat. Except treatment M_H4, the height of lettuce with the treatments which applied organic fertilizer were all taller than CK in the early and later growth stage of rosette leaf. It indicated that from the rate of 1g/kg-8g/kg, the organic fertilizer of peat and CRc accelerated the growth of lettuce, maked the best biological properties of lettuce. When the fertilizer rate of YRc was higher than 8g/kg would inhibit the growth of lettuce in early stage of rosette leaf.2. The application of peat, CRc and YRc increased the nitrate content of lettuce leaf during the growth stage of rosette leaf. And the heavier the organic fertilizer was applied, the higher the content of nitrate would be. But the highest content of nitrate was no more than 3000mg/kg. The content of Vc in peat treatments was higher than CRc and YRc treatments, and the increase scope was from 6.5%-8.2% during the early growth stage of rosette leaf. While in the later growth stage of rosette leaf, the YRc treatments got the highest content of Vc. The application of peat and CRc increased the reductive sugar content of lettuce leaf during the early growth stage of rosette leaf. The highest content of reductive sugar appeared in M₄ treatment, and the increase degree was 50.2%. During the later growth stage of rosette leaf, as the rate of organic fertilizer increased, the content of reductive sugar decreased. As comparison to CK, the content of amino acid was increased from 19.0%-202.5% during the early growth stage of rosette leaf. And the treatment M₄ got the highest content of amino acid. The content of amino acid was enhanced directly as the rate of YRc increased, and the content of which was higher than the other two kinds of organic fertilizer with the same rate. As comparison to CK, the content of protein increased in lettuce leaf in all treatments. And the YRc treatments got the highest content of amino acid in the same rate compared with peat and CRc treatments during the growth stage of rosette leaf. The content of phosphorus was higher than CK during the early growth stage of rosette leaf, and lower than CK during the later growth stage. The content of potassium was higher than CK during the whole growth stage of rosette leaf.3. The content of chlorophylla, chlorophyllb and chlorophylla+b of lettuce leaf increased by application of organic fertilizer during the growth stage of rosette leaf. And the content of chlorophylla, chlorophyllb and chlorophylla+b were all positively related to the application rate of peat and CRc significantly. During the early growth stage of rosette leaf, the activities of nitrate reductase（NR） rised from 30.8%-86.2% by adding low rate of CRc（lg/kg-4g/kg） and YRc（lg/kg-2g/kg）. While the activities of NR was lower than CK by adding organic fertilizer during the later growth stage, and as the rate of organic fertilizer increased, the activities of NR declined. The superoxidase activities increased from 3.5%-192.2% and 2.5%-116.7% by the application of organic fertilizer during the early and later growth stage of rosette leaf. And the activities were in the order of YRc＞CRc＞peat. During the whole growth stage of rosette leaf, the catalase activities rised as the rate of organic fertilizer increased. When the application rate of YRc was 8g/kg, the increase degree of catalase activities was 61.3% and 46.1%,respectively.4. The application of CRc and YRc improved the pH of soil, and the pH was negatively related to the application rate of organic fertilizer significantly. The application of CRc and YRc also increased the content of available nitrogen from16.3%-69.4% and 10.4%-51.7%. The effects of peat on pH and available nitrogen were not obvious. The content of available phosphorus and organic matter all increased significantly by application of organic fertilizer. There’s no effect on enhancing the available patassium of the soil by application of organic fertilizer.5. In field experiment, the variation of the quality index in lettuce leaf during the three stages showed that the highest content of nitrate, Vc and potassium appeared in growth stage, the highest content of reductive sugar appeared in harvest stage, and the highest content of protein existed in growth stage of rosette leaf. The application of peat, rapeseed cake increased the yield of lettuce , and the increase degree were 50.9% and 66.4%,respectively. The application of peat, rapeseed cake decreased the content of nitrate in lettuce stem, increased the content of Vc in lettuce leaf and stem, enhanced the content of reductive sugar（22.4%-26.1%）, phosphorus（8.2%-14.0%） and patassium （16.9% -17.2%）in lettuce stem, as well as the ratio of fresh ammo acid/total amino acid in lettuce stem and ratio of sweet amino acid/total amino acid, flavorous amino acid/total amino acid in lettuce leaf. As far as the effect of organic fertilizer on improving the nutrition value of lettuce leaf and stem was concered, only the peat treatment expressed some positive effects.更多还原