【作者】 张平；

【导师】 黄正柏；

【作者基本信息】 华中师范大学 ， 国际关系史， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 第二次世界大战后，英国不仅要维持欧洲均势，防止德国东山再起和苏联一枝独秀，而且更重要的是试图维持与美国和苏联的力量平衡，以图与美苏比肩而立。在均势的构建上，英国经历了从三极均势到两极均势的调整过程，其外交政策也发生了从英美苏三国合作制衡到英国联合美国抗衡苏联以至最后与美结成军事同盟遏制苏联的转变。本文共分为五个部分：第一部分简述了战后大国力量对比的变化及国际格局的演变。二战后美苏两个超级大国崛起，英国的力量已经远远落后于美苏，而雅尔塔体系则奠定了美苏两极格局的基础。第二部分探讨了1945-1946年英国三极均势战略构想及其外交政策的失败。英国在战后两极格局渐成定局的情况下，仍然奢望与美苏平起平坐，共同主宰世界。英国设想通过继续维持战时的英美苏同盟之谊，实行三大国合作的政策来制衡苏联和维持英国的大国地位。鉴于英国在三大国中最弱，单靠英国自身的力量无法均衡美苏，英国计划联合西欧和英联邦，组成英国领导的西欧联盟，即美苏之外的“第三种力量”。然而，随着国际形势的发展，英国的三国合作和西欧联合的政策并没有取得成功。首先因为苏联的扩张不断威胁英国的势力范围和欧洲的安全；其次，英美关系在这两年当中的合作并非如英国希望的那样密切；最后，西欧联盟的事业在三大国合作的背景下也不敢大张旗鼓的进行，所以没取得实质性的进展。鉴于此，英国开始调整其外交政策。第三部分分析了1947年冷战爆发时英国在坚持“第三种力量”构想时是如何调整其外交政策的，并重点研究了西欧联盟的发展趋势。冷战爆发后，英国放弃英美苏三大国合作制衡的政策而选择遏制政策，即把美国推到遏制苏联的前台。与此同时，英国仍想充当美苏间的“中间行星”。而冷战刚刚开始时，西欧联盟确实有一些发展动力，如冷战爆发，英苏合作关系破裂，英国可以抛开苏联对西欧联盟责难的包袱，加速发展西欧集团；美国未给予英国充分的尊重和重视也刺激英国发展“第三种力量”；英法两国解决了利凡特等问题后，法国主动恳求英国结成同盟。1947年，英法签订《敦刻尔克条约》，实现了两国的防务合作。之后，英国希望再与其他西欧国家订立类似的双边条约，那么英国自然就成为西欧集团的领袖。然而随着东西方对抗日益尖锐，英国已难保“中间行星”的地位。第四部分探讨了英国放弃三极战略而选择两极战略的原因及结果。随着冷战的深入，东西方关系恶化，苏联不断膨胀的实力已危及东西方和欧洲的平衡。英国在组织西欧各国签订针对苏联侵略的布鲁塞尔条约后，仍发现西欧联合起来遏制苏联和平衡美苏的经济和军事力量不足为恃，“中间行星”摇摇欲坠。当美国下定决心保卫欧洲之时，放弃三极的幻想，推动建立北大西洋联盟，形成东西方两大集团的均势，便成为英国外交政策的无奈选择。北大西洋联盟的建立一方面使得英国和西欧各国的安全得到保障，另一方面也标志着英国将西欧的主导权移交给了美国。本文最后认为，近代以来，英国一直充当均势的维持者，但二战后，英国已经丧失了平衡均势的作用。其原因除了英国的衰落外，更重要的是因为全面影响均势作用的世界格局已经发生变化。英国在战后初期不愿承认世界格局的两极趋势的原因，一方面是对自身力量估计过高，另一方面是对东西方对抗的紧迫性和危险性估计不足。更多还原

【Abstract】 Great Britain not only tried to prevent Germany from reviving but also keep the Soviet Union from seeking hegemony after world war II for the equilibrium in European continent. What’s the most important, Great Britain made an effort to keep balance between "Big Three" and play the same important role as the Soviet Union and the United states in the world. British equilibrium strategy had been adjusted from triple-pole strategy to bi-pole strategy and his diplomacy had been changed correspondingly. This thesis discusses the British equilibrium strategy in the late 1940s, and makes an analysis of what the diplomacy was and how carried out.The thesis consists of five chapters:Charter one briefly recounts the shift in the balance of forces among the Great-power and therefore the shift in the world order. It also sketches the preliminary imagination of British position in the world immediately after World War II. World War II brought about a change in the contest of strength, Britain lagged far behind the Soviet Union and the United States. The bipolar world had been formed in Yalta System. However, Britain placed hopes on a balance of three powers and getting the same position as the Soviet Union and the United Stated in the world.Charter two probes into the strategic conception of equilibrium and his diplomacy which had been put forward to set up in British Foreign Ministry immediately after World War II. At that time, Foreign Ministry dreamed up a triple pole world of the postwar period in which Britain is on equal terms with her wartime alliance i.e. the Soviet Union and the United States. In European continent, Britain endeavored to constrain the force of Germany and balances the force of Soviet Union. As for the diplomacy, Britain adopted cooperation policy between "Big Three" in order to set up the system of check and balance between "Big Three". Due to the recognition of relatively declining of British international status, Ernest Bevin, British Foreign Minister, had been considering to organize a "Third Force" between the United States and the Soviet Union since the end of World war II, which would be composed of European states and could help Britain to keep balance between "Big Three". All of this is for "Big Three" to maintain each main sphere of influence in the world. However, Britain suffered a defeat with the development of international situation from 1945 to the end of 1946. Firstly, in the 1945 and 1946, the Soviet Union increasingly provoked British sphere of influence, which deepened the Foreign Office’s suspicion. These incidents had further increased the tension between the two countries. Secondly, the Anglo-American cooperation is not as intimate as Britain had expected. Finally, Western Europe Union proposal met with soviet strong opposition, Out of maintaining "Big Three" cooperation, Western Europe Union went no farther in these two years. Britain lest Western Europe Union should stir American Isolationism. In addition, Anglo-French contradictions on Germany became the insurmountable obstacle that Western Europe Union policies had no major breakthrough. Britain began to revise its diplomatic imagination soon.Charter three analyses the reasons why British policy of maintaining "Third Force" continued after the breakout of Cold War As well as its new diplomacy. With the coming of the Cold War, Britain remained the imagination of "middle planet". Reasons are as follow: At first, Britain and The Soviet Union fell apart after the breakout of Cold War. Britain let down fearful of criticism that the Soviet Union charged toward Western Europe Union. Then, America did not offer enough respect for Britain and paid great attention to Britain. At last, Anglo-French relation turned for the better because of France initiative at the beginning of 1947. The Dunkirk Treaty was singed on 4 March 1947. Bevin assumed to conclude similar bipartite treaties with other Western Europe countries, then, Great Britain, which would be the core of the Group, could become the leader of Western Europe. As for the diplomacy, Britain gave up cooperation policy and chose containment strategy. He pushed America to the most forward line and combined together against the Soviet Union. However, under the background of Cold War, warfare between the West and the East became increasingly acute. Britain was difficult to maintain "middle planet" status.Charter four investigates the reason and the result why Britain abandoned triple pole and chose bi-pole. As the Cold War deepened, especially after the Czechoslovakia Coup in February 1948, which immediately caused the signature of Brussels Treaty whose aim was against Soviet, the Soviet Union showed strong tendency to expand his influence which endanger the balance of power. Britain realized the united power of Western Europe was not at all enough strong to balance the Soviet Union, and "middle planet" was pitching. During this period, British foreign strategy took a turn, Bevin was forced to give up the vision of "The Third Force", which meant one group between two superpowers, and turned his focus from west Europe to do his best to win American’s support for an Atlantic Alliance and formed his special relations with America. Atlantic Alliance meant Britain hand the lever of equilibrium over America and the Soviet Union which became the main roles in the Cold War. But Britain did not follow in American steps. In the contrast, Britain made his diplomacy on the basis of national interest.The thesis thinks finally, after World War II, Britain had lost the lever of equilibrium. The reason is that Britain waned in influence. But what is the most important is that the world order which entirety influence the equilibrium had been changed. At the end of World War II, Britain was unwilling to accept the truth of bi-pole and had been Struggling to maintain first class country. Why Britain dreamed of triple pole system? The reason is that Britain overvalued himself and underestimated the degree of warfare between the West and the East. However, as soon as Britain recognized the decay, he put down the burden of maintaining balance of power and hitched a ride of America to make the balance between the West and the East.更多还原