【作者】 宋美丽；

【导师】 王辉；

【作者基本信息】 西北农林科技大学 ， 种子工程， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 小麦的品质和产量除了受品种的遗传因素影响外,还受气候环境条件和栽培措施的影响。肥料运筹、播期和密度是调控小麦品质和产量的重要栽培措施。本试验以国审小麦品种西农979为材料,在陕西关中灌区中等土壤肥力条件下,分别采用随机区组试验和二次饱和D最优试验设计模型研究氮肥不同基追比例、氮磷钾肥配合以及播期密度集成对西农979品质和产量的影响,旨在通过肥料运筹、播期和密度等栽培措施来调控西农979的生长发育,从而进一步提升品质和增加产量,为该品种的推广应用提供配套的技术支撑。本研究的主要结果如下:1.氮肥不同基追比例对籽粒营养品质、加工品质及淀粉特性指标的效应不同。容重随氮肥追肥比例的增加而降低,蛋白质含量、沉淀值及湿面筋含量随氮肥追肥比例的增加而提高;当氮肥基追比例为7:3时粉质质量参数最佳;氮肥不同基追比例对淀粉特性指标影响各异,当氮肥基追比例为5:3:2时,淀粉膨胀体积最佳,当氮肥追肥比例为10:0时,降落数值最大。2.氮肥不同基追比例对产量及其构成因素的影响不一样。对提高产量比较适宜的基追比例为6:4;而产量构成三因素(千粒重、单位面积成穗数和穗粒数)的最适氮肥基追比例各不相同,分别为7:3、5:3:2和6:4;灌浆期内籽粒干物质积累随氮肥追肥比例的提高而增加,提高灌浆期籽粒干物质积累速度的最适氮肥基追比例为5:3:2。3.氮磷钾肥配合施用对籽粒蛋白质含量、沉淀值和吸水率的效应不同。在高施氮肥配合适量的磷、钾肥时,蛋白质含量最大;当氮、磷、钾肥施用量分别是270kg/hm2、120kg/hm2、180kg/hm2时,沉淀值达最高值,且氮肥、钾肥施用量增加时,可提高沉淀值含量;当高氮、高磷肥与适量的钾肥配合施用时,面粉吸水率最佳;随着氮肥、钾肥施用量的增加湿面筋含量显著提高,而磷肥对湿面筋含量的提高有一定的抑制作用。4.不同氮磷钾肥配合施用对产量的效应不同,当氮、磷、钾肥配合施用量分别为199 kg/hm2、225 kg/hm2、180 kg/hm2时,产量最高值可达8318 kg/hm2,磷肥施用量增加时,可明显提高产量,该品种的产量对磷的反应较为敏感。5.不同播期、密度对产量及其构成因素的影响效果不同:适播与密度集成时可获得最高产量值为9687 kg/hm2;晚播与低密度集成后千粒重可达48g;当适播与高密度集成时,单位面积成穗数可达最高值。根据小麦品种西农979的生物学特性、产量的磷敏性以及在推广种植和产业化开发中突显优质的品种发展战略,综合本试验研究的优质和高产栽培措施,提出如下调优增产的种植技术:在陕西关中麦区,西农979的适宜播期为10月10日-10月14日,最佳密度为360万/hm2,氮肥最佳基追比为5:3:2,即氮肥作基肥施用量135kg/hm2、拔节肥81kg/hm2、孕穗肥54 kg/hm2,这样既可以使西农979的品质确保达最优,又可以确保稳产高产。更多还原

【Abstract】 The quality and grain yield of wheat is also affected by the environmental condition of the climate and cultivation methods besides inherent of the variety. The application of fertilizer, sowing period and density are important to modulate the quality and yield of wheat. The national authorized wheat cultivar—Xi’Nong979 is used to analyze the effect of different proportion of basal nitrogen and topdressing nitrogen , combination of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium application, coordination of sowing period and planting density on grain quality and yield by Randomized Blocks Test and D-optimal design in shaanxi province. Aim to find the feasible technical support for modulating the growth and development, and further improving quality and yield of Xi’Nong979. Main results were as follows:1. The effects of the different proportion of basal nitrogen and topdressing nitrogen were different on the kernel nutrient quality, processing quality and the character index of starch. The volume weight decreased as the ratio of topdressing nitrogen increased ; the sedimentation value, protein content and wet gluten content were improved with the increase of the proportion topdressing nitrogen;when the proportion of basal nitrogen and topdressing nitrogen was 7:3, the Farinograph Quality Number was the optimum. Effect of nitrogen ratio between base fertilizer and dressing was varied on character index of starch, the Fluor Swelling Volume of starch were the best when the nitrogen ratio between base fertilizer and dressing was 5:3:2,and when the proportion of basal nitrogen and topdressing nitrogen was 10:0, the falling number was the maximum.2. The effects of the different proportion of basal nitrogen and topdressing nitrogen were unlikeliness to yield and its component factors. The feasible proportion of basal nitrogen and topdressing nitrogen was 6:4 for increasing yield; the maximum nitrogen ratios between base fertilizer and dressing were different for yield component factors (such as 1000-kernerl weight, number of ears per unit area and grain number per spike), there were 7:3, 5:3:2 and 6:4. Dry matter accumulation of grain improved during grain filling period with the increased proportion of top-dressing of nitrogen, and the best ratio between basal nitrogen and top-dressing was 5:3:2 to enhance the rate of dry matter accumulation.3. The effects of the combination of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium application were different to protein content, the sedimentation value and water absorption capacity. Together with high nitrogen, appropriate amount phosphorus and potassium, the protein content was the maximum. When the application rate of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were 270kg/hm2、120kg/hm2、180kg/hm2, the sedimentation value reached its maximum value, what means the increased application rate of nitrogen and potassium could improve the sedimentation value. The water absorption capacity of flour was the optimum as combined more application rate of N, P fertilization and suitable K rate. Wet gluten content increased noticeably with application rate of N、K fertilizer increased, however P fertilizer has mild inhibition effect to improve it.4. The effect of N, P, K fertilizer were different on grain yield. When the application rate of N,P,K fertilizer were 199 kg/hm2、225 kg/hm2、180 kg/hm2, approximately, the maximum grain yield reached 8318 kg/hm2,that means when P rate increased wheat yield increased remarkably. That is to say, we confer that the reaction of phosphorous reflected sensitivity on grain yield of the new cultivar by this result.5. The results of the different sowing period and density were dissimilarity to Yield and its composing factors. When early sowing combined the high- density, the highest yield was 9687 kg/hm2; together with late sowing and low- density, 1000-kernel weight could reach 48g; when combined between early sowing and the highest density , the number of ears per unit area could reached the highest 8620 thousand per hectare.According to the biological properties of new cultivar Xi’Nong979, the phosphorous sensitivity of grain yield and the strategy of projecting high-quality in popularizing planting and developing agriculture industrialization, integrated cultivation for high quality and yield in this experimental study ,and put forward the cultivation technique of quality -improving and yield - increasing:the suitable sowing stage is Octber 10 to Octber 14,the best density is 3600 thosends per hectare,and the best ratio between basal nitrogen and top-dressing is 5:3:2,which the basic fertilizer、jointing-stage fertilizer and booting-stage of nitrogen fertilizer were135kg/hm2、81kg/hm2、54kg/hm2in shaan province,ensured to improve quality and yield.更多还原