【作者】 陈良；

【导师】 鲍毅新；

【作者基本信息】 浙江师范大学 ， 生态学， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 黑麂(muntiacus crinifrons)是我国特产的国家Ⅰ级保护动物，为典型的亚热带山地森林动物。其分布范围十分狭小，仅处于东经117～121.5°，北纬27.5～31°之间，涉及浙江、安徽、江西和福建4省。栖息地的片断化后黑麂的分布形成2个分布中心，一是皖浙分布中心，包括九华山和黄山，东至浙江的天目山，南至开化的石耳山一带；二是浙江西南的遂昌分布中心，包括牛头山和白云山一带。野生资源由于其栖息地的不断缩小，以及长期以来屡禁不止的滥捕滥杀现象而日趋减少。野生动物栖息地的研究是动物学研究的一个基本而又重要的领域。国内外有蹄类栖息地的研究方法主要有固定样方法、机械样方法和痕迹样方法等。目前，资源选择函数被广泛运用于栖息地喜好程度的分析，且有一些量化的模型用来改进这一实验方法。有些研究者还运用主成分分析、相关分析、判别分析和数理论等描述有蹄类对栖息地的选择。在不同空间尺度上，影响有蹄类栖息地选择的环境因素有所不同；在不同的季节和生活史阶段，有蹄类对栖息地亦有不同需求。本论文简述了这些方法，并探讨了动物栖息地特征和栖息地选择的研究现状。2005年7年至2006年8月，在浙江省九龙山自然保护区设定固定样方，调查黑麂对植被类型、乔木盖度、灌木盖度、草本盖度、坡位、坡度、坡向、食物丰富度、海拔、人为干扰距离和水源距离等11类生态因子的选择利用情况。应用资源选择指数分析黑麂春季、夏季、秋季和冬季对栖息地的喜好程度。通过主成分分析简化栖息地特征的变量，再比较在时间尺度上黑麂的栖息地利用状况。研究结果表明：(一)在春季，黑麂选择针阔混交林、乔木盖度为61～80％、灌木盖度为61～80％、草本盖度为21～40％、中坡位、坡度为16～30°、阳坡、海拔为1000～1200m和人为干扰距离＞1000m的环境。在夏季，黑麂选择针阔混交林和阔叶林、乔木盖度为21～40％和61～80％、灌木盖度为21～40％和41～60％、草本盖度21～40％、上坡位、坡度31～45°、半阴半阳坡、海拔＞1200m和人为干扰距离＞1000m的环境。在秋季，黑麂选择针叶林、乔木盖度61～80％、灌木盖度≤40％、草本盖度≤40％、中坡位、坡度16～30°、阳坡、食物丰富度高、海拔1000m～1200m、水源距离≤500m和人为干扰距离＞1000m的环境。在冬季，黑麂选择针叶林、乔木盖度61～80％、灌木盖度21～60％和草本盖度41～60％、下坡位、坡度16～30°、阳坡、食物丰富度≥34％、海拔≤1000m、人为干扰距离＞1000m和水源距离≤500m的环境。(二)影响黑麂春季栖息地选择的关键因子是乔木盖度、坡度、食物丰富度和人为干扰距离，次要因子是坡位和海拔，植被型、坡向和水源距离的影响最小；影响黑麂夏季栖息地选择的关键因子是乔木盖度、坡度、坡向、海拔和人为干扰距离，次要因子是食物丰富度和灌木盖度，植被型、坡位和水源距离的影响最小；影响黑麂秋季栖息地选择的关键因子是乔木盖度、坡位、坡度、食物丰富度，次要因子是人为干扰距离和水源距离，植被型和坡向的影响最小；影响黑麂冬季栖息地选择的关键因子是乔木盖度、坡位、坡度和水源距离，次要因子是食物丰富度、海拔和人为干扰距离，植被型和坡向的影响最小。(三)用简单方差分析GANOVA对选择指数Ei产生的结果进行比较，检测样方内的各生态因子四季变化。结果表明，植被(F=23.386，P=0.002＜0.01)、草本盖度(F=15.596，P=0.009＜0.01)、海拔(F=19.049，P=0.007＜0.01)、人为干扰距离(F=28.392，P=0.001＜0.01)间差异极显著；乔木盖度(F=8.743，P=0.017＜0.05)、坡位(F=9.235，P=0.031＜0.05)、食物丰富度(F=13.496，P=0.014＜0.05)存在显著差异；而灌木盖度(F=3.764，P=0.061＞0.05)、坡度(F=2.681，P=0.168＞0.05)、坡向(F=3.47，P=0.474＞0.05)、水源距离(F=3.185，P=0.746＞0.05)差异不显著。本文也采用国际通用的保护区管理评价框架，从基础条件、人员配备、经济状况、自然资源、科研基础、教育系统和生态旅游7个方面对九龙山保护区的管理现状进行系统分析，并对保护区管理模式，管理系统和体制的完善方面提出相关建议。更多还原

【Abstract】 Black muntjac (muntiacus crinifrons), a typical species, is listed inthe Category I of Key Protected Wildlife List. It is only distributed in thenarrow ranges in Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi and Fujian Provinces (117～121.5°E, 27.5～31°N). Because deforestation and human activities inthese regions greatly disrupted their lives and seriously devoured theirhabitats, the black muntjac population has significantly decreased. Studyon wildlife habitat selection is an important and basic part in zoology. Theungulate habitat selection can be examined in a variety of ways: the fixedplot method, the mechanical plot method, the trace plot method. Resourceselection functions have become popular as subjects for studying theextent of ungulate habitat selection, and some models are designed toimprove the quality of experiments. Principal components analysis,analysis of covariance, discriminant analysis and quantitative theory arealso applied to explore the importance among the different plots used.The environmental factors that influenced ungulate habitat selection arevarious with different seasonal and spatial scales. All methods have theirtheoretical and practical aspects. Consequences of sympatric ungulateswere discussed in this paper. From September 2005 to August 2006, habitat selection by blackmuntjac was studied in Jiulong Natural Reserve, Zhejiang Province,China. A total of 442 plots were made in the natural reserve and samplingplots(20m×20m) were set at every 200m apart. Vegetation type,coverage, arbor overcast, shrub overcast, herbage overcast, slope position,slope degree, slope exposure, relative food abundance, distance fromwater resources, distance from human disturbance and elevation of theseplots were recorded. These line transects were examined repeatedly torecord whether the plots were used by black muntjac in the spring, thesummer, the autumn and the winter, respectively. Resource SelectionIndex was used to evaluate the extent of habitat selectivity by the blackmuntjac. Principal Components Analysis was employed to explore theimportance among the different plots used. The results showed asfollows:In the spring, black muntjac preferred to select the environment ofconiferous forest and broad leaved forest with arbor overcast 61～80%,shrub overcast 61～80%, herbage overcast 21～40%, middle slope, slopedegree 16～30°, elevation between 1000m and 1200m, and distance fromhuman disturbance sources exceeding 1000m. In the summer, blackmuntjac preferred to select the environment of coniferous forest andbroad leaved forest with suitable arbor overcast(21～40% and 61～80%),shrub overcast(21～60%) and herbage overcast(21～40%), upper slope, slope degree 31°～45°, elevation(≥1200m), and distance from humandisturbance sources exceeding lO00m. In the autumn, black muntjacpreferred to select the environment of coniferous forest and broad leavedforest with arbor overcast 61～80%, shrub overcast≤40%, herbageovercast≤40%, middle slope, slope degree 16～30°, high relative foodabundance, elevation 1000m～1200m, and distance from humandisturbance sources exceeding 1000m. In the winter, black muntjacpreferred to select the environment of coniferous forest with arborovercast 61～80%, shrub overcast 21～60%, herbage overcast 41～60%,lower slope, slope degree 16～30°, high relative food abundance,elevation≤1000m, distance from human disturbance sources exceeding1000m and distance from water resource≤500m.The results of Principal Components Analysis indicated that the inthe spring, key factors notably influenced on habitat selection by blackmuntjac were the arbor overcast, slope degree, relative food abundanceand distance of human disturbance; the secondary factors were the slopeposition and elevation; the random factors were vegetation type, slopeaspect, distance from water resources. The key factors notably influencedon habitat selection by black muntjac in the summer were arbor overcast,slope degree, slope aspect, elevation and distance from humandisturbance; the secondary factors were the relative food abundance andshrub overcast. The random factors were vegetation type, slope position and distance from water resources. The key factors significantlyinfluenced on habitat selection by black muntjac in the autumn were arborovercast, slope position, slope degree and relative abundance; thesecondary factors were distance from human disturbance and distancefrom water resources; the random factors were vegetation type and slopeaspect. The key factors significantly influenced on habitat selection byblack muntjac in the winter were arbor overcast, slope position, slopedegree and distance from water resources; the secondary factors wererelative food abundance, elevation and distance from human disturbance;the random factors were vegetation type and slope aspect.The result of GANOVA show that the difference of vegetation type(F=23.386,P=0.002＜0.01),distance from human disturbance(F=28.392,P=0.001＜0.01), elevation (F=19.049,P=0.007＜0.01),herbage overcast (F=15.596,P=0.009＜0.01) were verysignificant.In analysis, difference between four seasons about arborovercast (F=8.743,P=0.017＜0.05), slope position (F=9.235,P=0.031＜0.05),food abundance (F=13.496,P=0.014＜0.05) were significant. Shrubovercast (F=3.764,P=0.061＞0.05), water resources (F=3.185,P=0.746＞0.05),slope degree (F=2.681,P=0.168＞0.05) and slopeaspect(F=3.47,P=0.474＞0.05) were not significant.Management evaluation of the protected areas is to evaluate themanagement capacities, to collect the necessary information, and to find what might be improved for the protected. The collected data areanalyzed and the results of the analysis could serve the protected areas inJiulong Natural Reserve. The present status of the effective managementof nature reserves is systematically evaluated from the aspects of basicconditions, officers and employees, the economy, the natural resources,scientific research basis, educational system and the eco-tourism. Thepaper puts forward to realize the sustainable management of naturereserves.更多还原