宪法中公民义务之基本理论新探

【作者】 蒋清华；

【导师】 邓联繁；

【作者基本信息】 中南大学 ， 宪法学与行政法学， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 面对当今世界有超过60％的宪法典规定了公民义务的现实，更加务实合理的做法不是首先讨论宪法是否应该规定公民义务，而是以认真对待宪法文本的态度和法律解释的途径去探究其所存在的宪法问题，发掘其与人权保障之立宪主义精神相符的积极意义。宪法中公民义务的基本理论主要包括五个方面：术语界定、规范形式、基本特征、法律功能以及法律效力。“宪法中公民义务”是指宪法典规定的普通公民的义务，它不同于通常所说的内涵不定的“公民基本义务”和存有争议的“公民的宪法义务”。宪法中公民义务的规范形式有二：一是明示式义务规范，即明确、直接规定公民义务的宪法规范，二是权界式义务规范，即以义务性规范表述的宪法权利限制规范；其中，前者又有陈述句型与祈使句型之分，后者又有概括限制型与具体限制型之分。至于宪法规定国家机关职权的授权性规范，不应被视为可推导出公民义务的“隐含式义务规范”。宪法中的公民义务具有三方面基本特征：兼具公法性与私法性；兼具国家性与天赋性；结合根本性与例示性。这是将权界式义务纳入考察视野而获得的对宪法中公民义务基本特征的新认识。在功能方面，权界式义务规范为约束宪法权利提供了宪法界限或条件。在明示式义务规范中，古典强制义务规范具有限制公民权利与控制国家权力的双重功能，但主要功能在于控权；社会福利义务规范具有督促国家履行相应职责的功能，其控权功能弱于古典强制义务规范；遵守宪法之义务规范意图培育公民的宪法意识和权利意识，其功能更多只在伦理意义上。在效力方面，宪法中公民义务规范一般具有法律效力；它对国家的效力是直接的，对公民的效力则是间接的，即通过制定实施合宪的法律才能实现对公民的直接约束。至于遵守宪法之义务规范，则主要是伦理宣示效力，一般不存在普通公民“违宪”的情形。更多还原

【Abstract】 In the face of the fact that more than 60% of the constitutionalcodes in the world nowadays prescribe the citizens’ obligations, it’smore practical and reasonable not to discuss firstly whether theconstitution should prescribe the citizens’ obligations, but research intothe existent constitutional problems and dig out the positive meaningmatched with the constitutionalism in an attitude of treating theconstitution texts seriously and in a approach of legal interpretation. Thebasic theory of citizens’ obligations in the constitution mainly includesfive aspects: term’s definition, norm’s form, basic characteristic, legalfunction and legal validity.The citizens’ obligations in the constitution are the ordinarycitizens’ obligations which are prescribed by constitutional codes, theyare different from "citizens’ basic obligations" with uncertainconnotation and "citizens’ constitutional obligations" with differentmeanings as we generally say.There are two norms’ forms of citizens’ obligations in theconstitution, one is the obviously expressed obligation norm, namely theconstitutional norms prescribe the citizens’ obligations definitely anddirectly, the other is the form-of-limits-of-rights obligations norm,namely the constitutional rights’ restrictive norms expressed inobligations’ norms. Thereinto the former can be divided into the type ofstatement sentence and imperative sentence, the latter can be dividedinto the type of general restriction and concrete restriction. As to theauthorizing norms which prescribe the authority of nationalorganizations, they shouldn’t be regarded as the "implied obligationnorm" which can deduce the citizens’ obligations.The citizens’ obligations in the constitution have three basiccharacteristics: them have both the public law’ character and privatelaw’ character, national character and natural character, them combinethe fundamental character and exemplifying character. It’s a newcognition of the basic characteristic of citizens’ obligations in theconstitution obtained by bringing the form-of-limits-of-rights obligationsinto the review eyeshot. At the aspect of function, the form-of-limits-of-rights obligationsnorm provide constitutional limit or condition to restrict theconstitutional rights. In obviously expressed obligation norm, classicalcompulsive obligation norm has both the functions of restrictingcitizens’ rights and controlling nation’ powers, but the latter is theprimary; social welfare obligation norm has the function of supervisingthe nation to carry out its corresponding responsibilities, thepower-controlling function is weaker than in the classical compulsiveobligation norm; abiding-by-the-constitution obligation norm intent tocultivate citizens’ constitutional consciousness and right’ consciousness,its function exists more in the ethical meaning.At the aspect of validity, the citizens’ obligations norms in theconstitution generally have legal validity, but they only have directvalidity to the nation, not to the citizens; by making and implementinglaws accorded with the constitution, it can realize the direct restricts tocitizens. As for abiding by the obligations’ norms in the constitution, itprimarily has the validity of ethical revelation, there’s no"constitution-breaking" by common citizens generally.更多还原