欧盟电信管制对我国的启示

【作者】 王红蕾；

【导师】 兰天；

【作者基本信息】 东北财经大学 ， 国际贸易学， 2006， 硕士

【摘要】 长期以来，人们一直把电信业视为自然垄断行业，认为电信服务的基础性、网络的完整性、固定资产的沉淀性和电信运营的规模经济性决定了电信业适合采取垄断经营模式。许多国家通过国有制、法律、制度等形式确立了电信业的垄断经营体制。由于垄断经营会产生供给不足、价格过高等负面效应，导致社会福利的损失，因而电信运营企业的行为必须受到必要的限制，以使之符合效率标准和公共利益需要。因此，电信业的发展伴随着垄断与竞争的矛盾和斗争，也和管制结下了不解之缘。随着电信技术的迅速发展，从二十世纪八十年代开始，电信行业从垄断时期走向了竞争时期，与之相应，各国相继开始了对电信业的改革：电信业的政企分开、国有电信运营企业的股份化、民营化改造、放松管制、引入新的竞争者和电信业的对外开放。在世界的电信改革浪潮中，欧盟各国在欧盟组织的统一指导下，从二十世纪九十年代开始了通过立法整体推进国有电信企业和政府监管体制的改革。在打破垄断、引入竞争初期，欧盟则没有仿效美国拆分主导运营商AT&T的、大刀阔斧的激进式改革做法，而是选择了一条渐进式的改革道路，其特点是：保持原有的国家主体电信企业，继续在全国经营各类电信业务；对主体电信企业实行政企分开、公司化和股份制改造，同时发放一批新的经营许可证；国家通过立法对主体电信企业进行监管，以扶植竞争对手，逐步形成有效竞争，以法律的手段创造了公平有序的竞争环境。短短几年时间，造就了一批经营全业务的、国际化的、具有较强竞争实力的主体电信企业，如德国电信、英国电信和法国电信等一批在全球市场上享有盛誉的世界电信巨头。当前中国电信业在经历了一段快速发展时期和几次分拆重组后，正面临着从自然、行政垄断到竞争，从封闭到开放，从无序到有序的全面转型。因此，电信制度带有明显的过渡性和探索性，也难免存在诸多问题。本文采取了理论分析、实证研究和比较研究相结合的方法，对电信管制的理论和实践进行探讨。本文共分为五部分：分析电信行业管制的理论基础；介绍欧盟电信管制改革概况；总结欧盟及其主要成员国英国和德国的电信管制改革经验；透视我国电信行业管制面临的主要问题；并提出对我国电信监管的建议。以期为我国电信业的管制改革提供实证依据和理论指导。更多还原

【Abstract】 For a long time, people regard telecom industry as an industry of natural monopoly; they think that telecom has the characteristics of basic service, integrity of network, sunk of cost, and scope economy, so the monopoly mode is suitable to this industry. Many countries established monopoly system of telecom by legislation, law or system. Because f monopoly may bring loss to social welfare, so the telecom enterprises must be regulated to satisfy the efficiency standard and the needs of social benefit. Therefore, the development of telecom industry is followed by the conflict of monopoly and competition, and also has a close relation with regulation.Since the nineteen eighties, with the development of telecom techniques, the telecom industry is changing greatly. The telecom industry is entering competition stage after experiencing natural monopoly stage. To comply with this change, most countries are reforming their telecom industry by the way of separation of enterprise from administration, demutualization and privatization of state-owned enterprise, relaxation of regulation, introduction of new competitors, and opening to the outside world. In the trend of world telecom reform, under the direction of EU committee, the EU members began a reform of promote state-owned telecom enterprises and government regulation system through legislation.At the early stage of breaking monopoly and introducing competition, unlike the American reform of split AT&T, EU chose a more moderate way, its main characteristics are: maintain the former state-owned leader telecom enterprises to deal with kinds of telecom operation; demutualize and privatize the leader telecom enterprises, and give out a new lot of business certificate; the government regulates the leader telecom enterprises by legislation, and introduces competition by supporting new competitors, thus creates a fair competition environment. Only in several years, there appeared a lot of international leader telecom enterprises that deal with all kinds of business, such as Deutch Telecom, Britain Telecom and France Telecom. After a period of fast development and restrictions, the telecom industry of China is facing a transform from natural monopoly to competition, from closed to opening, from disorder to order. Therefore, there are many problems need to be solved.This paper uses the methods of theory analysis, demonstration research and comparison research, discusses the theories and practice of telecom regulation. This paper comprises five parts: the analysis of regulation theories; discuss the characteristics of EU telecom regulation; summarize the regulation experiences of Britain and Germany; discover the problems in the regulation system of China, and propose corresponding advices.更多还原