【作者】 李娅；

【导师】 黄选瑞；

【作者基本信息】 河北农业大学 ， 林业经济管理， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 产权问题是经济体制研究中最核心、最重要的问题。鉴于森林资源具有重要的生态和经济价值，其“公共物品性”及经济的“外部性”，决定了森林、林地、林木产权形式的特殊性。林权制度是否合理，关系到林业及其相关产业的发展，影响着集体林区社会经济的发展，制约着广大林农的林业生产活动及收入水平的提高，最终关系到中国森林可持续经营目标能否实现这一核心问题。建国以来，南方集体林区林地、林木权属，经历了从个人所有集中到集体，又从集体分配到个人的过程。每个阶段的林权改革，都是在一定的社会背景下产生，在发挥积极作用的同时，也存在着制度安排上的缺陷。随着中国市场经济体制改革的不断深入，现有林权制度中存在的产权主体模糊、权责利不清、收益权不落实、政策执行不规范等问题日益暴露出来。江西省作为中国南方重要的集体林区之一，从2004年起开始实施以“明晰产权、减轻税费、放活经营、规范流转”为主要内容的林权改革，已经取得显著成效。尽管如此，林权制度的特殊性和复杂性，客观上决定了林权制度改革是一项不断完善和深化的过程。为此，研究工作从对产权制度的基本认识入手，深入分析江西省集体林区林权改革背景、实施过程、总体效果及存在的问题，并以村级案例调查为重点，运用参与式研究方法，对永丰、上芫和龙归三个典型案例村进行为期两个月的实地调研，最后得出以下主要结论：(1)林业产权除具有排他性、可分性、可转让性等产权的一般特征外，还具有产权客体关联性、特殊约束性以及外部性等特性。南方集体林区林权制度改革兼有诱导性制度变迁与强制性制度变迁的特征，森林资源稀缺、现有林权制度效率低下、制度环境发生变化等是促进改革发生发展的重要因素。(2)政府主导、林业部门具体实施、林农直接参与是江西省林权改革取得成效的重要保障。调查中发现，林农对改革的支持率高达100％，改革参与率及林权纠纷调处率均达到90％以上。(3)林权改革初步成效显著，主要体现在农民生活水平提高、林业生产积极性提高、农村社会更加和谐等方面。截止到2005年底，全省明晰产权率达85％，农民人均林业纯收入比上年增长28.4％，全年人工造林21.9万hm~2，森林案件发生数同比下降45％。(4)不同地区改革效果存在差异性。林农对林地的依赖程度越高，改革效果越明显，所面临的问题也越突出，林农林地流转的积极性越低，反之亦然。(5)尽管林权改革提高了林农从事林业生产的积极性，也促进了林业合作组织和林产工业的发展，但是以砍伐为主的粗放型传统经营模式尚未改变。(6)森林资源资产评估和林权流转机制、采伐限额管理制度、公益林补偿及管理制度等的不断完善，是深化林权制度改革必须解决的重要课题。为此，在充分了解林农意愿的基础上，结合江西省正在逐步完善的配套改革进程，围绕提高森林可持续经营水平、保障林农合法权益、提高林农经济收入等改革目标，提出以下建议：尽快研究与建立以村级森林经营方案管理为核心的采伐管理制度；积极引导林业合作组织建设，促进林业产业发展；完善林权流转的政策法规，稳步推进林权流转规范化；完善公益林补偿及经营管理体制，制定出更为合理的生态公益林补偿标准、方式以及补偿资金来源、资金使用与管理等的具体办法；林改后加强林权长效监管及保障机制的建设等。更多还原

【Abstract】 Property right is the most pivotal and important problem in the study of economysystem. Because forest resource has significant ecological and economic value, its’character of public goods and externalities determine the particularity of the property rightform of forest, woodland and wood. The rationality of forestry property right system caneffect the development of forestry and its’ interrelated industry, the development of socialeconomy in collective forest area, the farmers’ production activity and their income leveland ultimately effect the realization of forest sustainable management in China. Since thefoundation of the People’ s Republic of China, the property rights of woodland and woodin collective forest area have experienced complicated changes. Under certain socialbackground, the reform of each phase took a positive role, and also had its’ limitation insystem arrangement. With the strengthen of the market economy system reform in China,many problems in forest property right system at present (i.e. the main body of theproperty right is not clear; the right, responsibility and profit is not corresponding; the rightof proceeds can not be realized; and the implement of the policy is not normative etc.)emerged increasingly. As one of the important collective forest areas of southern China,Jiangxi province has began to reform since 2004, the central content of which is clarifyingthe property right, lightening the tax and fee, setting free the management andstandardizing the transfer of property rights. Though some effects have been acquired, theparticularity and complexity of the forestry property right system have objectivelydetermined that the reform is a long term process, which need constantly improved.Therefore, this study began with the understanding of basic property right theory, analyzedthe background, implement process, general effect and existent problems of the forestryproperty rights’ reform in the collective forest area of Jiangxi province. What’s more,taking village-level research as an emphasis, using participatory rural appraisal method,two-month investigation was done on the spot in three typical sample villages (Yongfeng,Shangyuan and Longgui). Eventually some conclusions were obtained as follows:(1)Forestry property right has the common characters of property right which areexclusiveness, separability and negotiability. Meantime it has some specialties such as therelevancy of its objects, special restriction and externalities etc. The forestry propertyrights’ reform in the southern collective forest areas, which has both characters of inductivesystem transform and compulsive system transform, was caused by some factors included the scarcity of the forest resource, the low efficiency of the present system and the changeof the system environment and so on.(2)The leading function of the government, the actual implement of the forestrydepartment and the direct participation of farmers are important guarantees for the forestryproperty rights’ reform in Jiangxi province, in which the farmers’ upholding rate reaches100%, the participation rate and the settlement rate of the property right dissension areboth above 90%.(3)The effect of the forestry property rights’ reform is noticeable, represented in theaspects that the farmer’s standard of living have advanced, the enthusiasm of forestproduction have increased, the country society have become more harmonious etc. By theend of 2005, the clarification rate of property rights has reached 85% in the whole province;contrasted with the last year, the farmer’s average forestry net income has increased by28.4%; the occurrence number of forest case has decreased by 45%; the forestation areareached 219,000 hm~2 in 2005.(4)There are some differences in the effects of reform in different areas. The more thefarmers depend on the woodland, the more noticeable the effects of reform are, meanwhilethe more serious the problems are. However, if the farmers are less dependent on thewoodland, whose consciousnesses are more active, the enthusiasm of trading the woodlandproperty right is much higher.(5)Although the farmers’ enthusiasm for forest production has increased, and theforestry cooperation organization as well as the forestry industry have been promoted bythe forestry property rights’ reform, the traditional management model with the charactersof extensive type has not being changed yet.(6)To deepen the forestry property rights’ reform, it is urgent to perfect presentsystems, such as the assets evaluation of the forest resource, the transfer system of forestryproperty rights, the management system of forest cutting quota, the compensation andmanagement system of public welfare forest etc.Therefore, on the basis of understanding the desires of the farmers, combined with thepresent course of the supporting reforms in Jiangxi province, some suggestions are made inorder to accomplish the reform purpose, including promoting forest sustainablemanagement, ensuring the farmers’ legal right, and increasing the farmers’ income, asfollows: the cutting management system, which takes the village-level forest managementplan as its core, should be researched and implemented as soon as possible; theconstruction of forestry cooperation organization should be leaded actively; the policy andlaw about the transfer of forestry property rights shoud be perfected; the compensation andmanagement system of public welfare forest should be perfected, and the specific measuresabout the compensation standard and way, the source of compensation fund, the specificway of utilizing and managing the compensation fund should be set down; the construction of the long-term supervision and safeguard mechanism should be strengthened.更多还原