【作者】 王树香；

【导师】 李继泉； 黄大庄；

【作者基本信息】 河北农业大学 ， 生态学， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 桑天牛长尾啮小蜂(Aprostocetus fukutai)是桑天牛(Apriona germari)的卵期寄生蜂。在自然条件下，其林间寄生率可达50％。本论文从行为生态学和化学生态学的角度，对桑天牛长尾啮小蜂寄主定位、识别行为，以及对调控该小蜂寄主定位与识别行为的信息化合物进行了初步研究，并且对感受信息化合物的感受器做了电镜扫描观察。具体研究结果如下：1、利用小容器法对小蜂寄生行为及寄主定位与识别行为进行了观察与研究，共有以下三部分内容：(1)该小蜂的产卵寄生行为按时间顺序包括以下主要步骤：桑天牛刻槽的定向搜寻、刻槽表面的检验、寄主卵检验、产卵寄生、标记等。(2)在选择性试验中，桑天牛长尾啮小蜂寄主定位、寄主识别行为测试结果。通过对桑天牛雌雄成虫气味、桑天牛的口腔分泌物、桑天牛产卵分泌物、桑天牛的粪便、桑天牛裸卵及桑天牛正常产卵刻槽7个处理分别进行测试。结果表明：对小蜂寄主定位有引诱作用的是桑天牛正常产卵刻槽，而其它6个处理对小蜂寄主定位没有引诱作用。在正常桑枝、桑天牛取食桑枝和正常刻槽产卵桑枝的选择性试验中表明：正常刻槽产卵桑枝对寄生蜂的引诱作用明显高于正常桑枝和桑天牛取食桑枝，正常桑枝与桑天牛取食桑枝间差异不显著。在刻槽未产卵桑枝、刻槽产卵未涂抹分泌物桑枝和正常刻槽产卵桑枝的选择性试验中表明：正常刻槽产卵桑枝对寄生蜂的引诱作用最强，此结果暗示了桑天牛产卵分泌物在寄生蜂的寄主定位和识别方面起着一定作用。已寄生刻槽卵和未寄生刻槽卵的选择性试验的结果为：已寄生刻槽卵对长尾啮小蜂的引诱作用明显低于未寄生刻槽卵。这表明寄生蜂产卵寄生后在桑天牛产卵刻槽表面留下了标记信息素，而且这种标记信息素在中短距离就可以使同种寄生蜂的其它个体检测到。(3)在非选择性试验中，桑天牛长尾啮小蜂寄主定位、寄主识别行为测试结果。对正常桑枝、天牛取食桑枝、刻槽未产卵桑枝、刻槽产卵未涂抹产卵分泌物桑枝、刻槽产卵涂抹分泌物桑枝分别进行无选择性试验，结果表明：寄生蜂对正常桑枝识别的时间明显少于后4个处理，说明受桑天牛危害的桑枝对小蜂寄主定位、寄主识别有重要作用。在刻槽产卵涂抹分泌物桑枝上搜索的时间明显高于其他处理桑枝，这说明在没有选择的情况下，寄生蜂同样会拒绝在没有产卵分泌物的桑天牛产卵刻槽上产卵寄生。因此更充分证明了桑天牛产卵分泌物在寄生蜂寄主定位、寄主识别过程中的重要作用。对已寄生刻槽卵和未寄生刻槽卵进行无选择性试验，研究结果为：在没有其它选择的情况下，桑天牛长尾啮小蜂仍然会放弃对已寄生刻槽卵的寄生。说明该小蜂已具备了成熟的避免重复寄生或再寄生的生态策略。对不同卵龄的桑天牛正常产卵刻槽桑枝进行非选择性测试，结果显示2d之内的桑天牛正常产卵刻槽桑枝效果最好，与寄主定位、识别的信息化合物的有效期最长为6d。2、对调控桑天牛长尾啮小蜂寄主定位、识别的信息化合物进行了初步研究，共有以下三部分内容：(1)采用不同极性的有机溶剂对桑天牛产卵刻槽和虫粪进行了提取，并对提取液进行了生物测定。研究结果表明：桑天牛产卵刻槽和虫粪都具有引诱小蜂寄主定位与识别的信息化合物，并且正己烷、二氯甲烷、甲醇这三种溶剂对这些信息化合物都有一定的溶解性，其中正己烷的溶解性最好。(2)利用硅胶柱层析法对正己烷提取液进行了分离和纯化，并对得到的组分再次进行生测。结果表明，正己烷作为流动相得到的层析液对桑天牛长尾啮小蜂的引诱作用最高。(3)对桑天牛长尾啮小蜂体内的标记信息素进行了提取和纯化，通过小蜂的寄主识别行为结果表明：二氯甲烷提取标记信息素效果最好。3、采用扫描电镜观察了桑天牛长尾啮小蜂的触角表面和产卵器的超微结构。结果如下：(1)触角感器的观察结果为：桑天牛长尾啮小蜂在触角存在着6种感受器，分别为指状感器，板状感器，毛形感器，坛形感器，刺形感器和蒲姆氏鬃。(2)产卵器的观察结果为：产卵器上具有感受孔，并且感受孔内部有内分泌物。(3)比较了桑天牛长尾啮小蜂雌雄两性间的差异及桑天牛长尾啮小蜂和桑天牛卵啮小蜂(Aprostocetus prolixus)触角感器的差异。结果表明：他们的种类、数量及分布模式在种间没有明显差异，但在种内雌雄个体间差异较为显著。更多还原

【Abstract】 Aprostocetus fukutai is an egg parasitoid of Apriona germari. In the natural condition, the parasitization rate is 50%. The mechanism of the wasps for controlling pests was studied extensively by chemical ecology and behavior ecology. So the discrimination behavior, the kariomne of the host and the sensilla of the wasp were studied in this paper. The results as following:1 Parasitization, host location, recognition and discrimination behavior of Aprostocetus fukutai were studied and analyzed by Petri dish assays, consisting of three parts.(1)In the experience of the parasitization behavior, the result is that the parasitizing behavior of Aprostocetus fukutai consisted of main steps in temporal sequence: host-unit location; host-unit probing, which included probing by antenna and ovipositor of wasp; host-egg probing; oviposition; marking.(2) The behavior of host location, recognition and host discrimination were observed and investigated by choice tests.the odor of male and female of Apriona germari, the secretion of mouthpart, the ovipostion secretion, the faeces, the naked host eggs and twig with healthy host-unit were examined by host location of Aprostocetus fukutai. The result showed that there was significant difference only between the twig with healthy host-unit was and the control, and no differences between other six cases and their controls.In the choice test of the different twigs, the data showed that the twig with healthy host-unit (grooved twig with host-egg and secretion of Apriona germari) was more attractive to parasitoid than healthy or feeding-damaged twig.In the choice test of the different grooved twigs, the results revealed that the attractiveness of the twig with healthy host-unit was strongest among the three treatments of twigs (twig grooved only, grooved twig with host-egg, and, grooved twig with host-egg and secretion). It implied that the secretion from A. germari played an important role in host location and recognition of A. fukutai.In the examination of the parasitized host-unit and unparasitized host-unit, the data showed that the attractiveness of the parasitized host-unit to A. fukutai was significantly lower than the unparasitized one. It indicated that the marking pheromone was left on the surface of host-unit by A. fukutai after parasitization behavior finished, and the other individual of conspecific wasp could detect it in a mid- or short-range.(3) The behavior of host location and recognition were observed and examined in the non-choice tests.The healthy twig, feeding-damaged twig, empty-grooved twig, grooved twig with host-egg only and grooved twig with healthy host-egg and secretion were compared by host location and recognition, and it was showed that healthy twig is different to the other four cases and grooved twig with healthy host-egg and secretion is most different to the other cases. So we can conclude that all kairomone are on the concealed-grooved-egg twig, and the secretion of Apriona germari is very important to the host location and host discrimination.In the non-choice test, the wasp refused to oviposit on the parasitized host-unit. So we can get the conclusion that the marking kairomone is the evolutional thing of the wasp.The different age of concealed-grooved-eggs were compared by host recognition, and the conclusion is that the concealed-grooved-egg of two days old is most strong to alluring host recognition of parasitoid, and the kairomone of the period of validity is no long than 6 days.2 The infochemicals mediating host location, host recognition and discrimination of the parasitoid were studied, which consist of three parts.(1)The grooved host-unit and the faeces were extracted by hexane, dichloromethane, methanol, acetone and distilled water. The different extracts were examined by Petri dish assays. It was found that there are some infochemicals used for host recognition by the parasitoid on the grooved host-unit and the faeces, and these infochemicals can be melted in hexane, dichloromethane and methanol, and hexane is the best solvent for the infochemicals. But the activities of three kinds of extracts to the wasp were not significantly different in three-way choice tests(2) The kairomone were purified and isolated by silica gel colμmn chromatography, and the isolated liquid was detected by the host recognition and host location of A. fukutai. The resulted is that hexane is the best mobile liquid for silica gel collamn chromatography.(3)The marking pheromones were extracted by the different solvent. The result revealed that the dichloromethane is the best solvent.3 Antennal surface structure and ovipositor of A. fukutai was observed by scanning electron microscope. The result as following:(1) There are six types of sensilla on the surface of the wasp antenna, namely, finger-like sensilla, platcodeμm sensilla, trichoid sensilla, ampullaceous sensilla, chaetic sensilla and B(?)hm’s bristle were found on the antennae of A. fukutai.(2) There are some pore sensilla on the ovipositor and some secretion in the pores. (3) In the same time, the sensilla differences between two sexes were compared, and the sensilla difference between A. prolixus and A. fukutai were compared too. The results showed that the type, number, and distribution pattern of the antennal sensilla were similar in the two species, but the differences between two sexes were significant.更多还原