清人《尚书》训诂方法研究

【作者】 刘勇；

【导师】 钱宗武；

【作者基本信息】 扬州大学 ， 汉语言文字学， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 清代《尚书》研究空前繁盛,学者们大多注重利用训诂解经,阐发微义,而有关训诂方法的论述,片言只语淹没在浩瀚典籍传笺注疏中,前人缺乏系统的论述。本文试从训诂方法入手来系统整理清人《尚书》训诂材料,以期为断代训诂学史和《尚书》专书训诂学的研究提供新的语料和理论参考,阐述和分析其训诂实践所蕴涵的理论价值方法论思想。论文共分为五章:第一章“清人《尚书》训诂的语音学方法”。本章通过解经旨、明连语、破假借三个方面来具体阐释清代《尚书》研究中语音学方法的运用,同时阐明了“因声求义”的理据,介绍演绎“因声求义”理论的建立、继承和发展的历史过程。第二章“清人《尚书》训诂的文字学方法”。本章探求文字学训诂方法的理据,从汉字的表意特征和《尚书》歧字纷出的特点出发,分析了采用文字学方法训释《尚书》的可行性和必要性。以段玉裁为代表的小学家能充分利用《说文》的文字资料,通过文字形体的特征和文字演变的规律来考辨训释《尚书》中的异文涩字,并尝试运用金文甲文材料训解《尚书》古义,成就突出。但由于时代的局限,清人的形训也仍然存在不足。第三章“清人《尚书》训诂的校勘学方法”。本章主要考察了清儒在《尚书》校勘方面取得的成就。《尚书》在两千多年的流传过程中,经过各个时代不同文化层次的人无数次的传抄、改字、翻刻、排印,其衍、脱、讹、乱等异变现象尤为突出。校勘方法的运用,可以拂去异变之封尘,使文本近于本真。清人采用对校、本校、他校、理校等多种校勘方法,对这部古老的经典进行了全面系统的整理,从而为《尚书》的正确训诂奠定了坚实的基础。第四章“清人《尚书》训诂的语境学方法”。本章初步分析了语境的内涵、分类、性质,探讨了语境学方法与文献训诂的重要联系。搜集整理了清代学者采用语境学方法训释《尚书》的类例材料,并将其分为互文见义、语境辨误和文例类证三类。分析研究这些材料所做的基础工作,都是为建立和完善中国式的语境学所做的初步尝试。第五章“清人《尚书》训诂的语法学方法”。本章主要从词法学和句法学两个方面深入探讨清儒研究《尚书》的方法和理论。清代的虚词研究在前人研究的基础上得到了长足的发展,取得了巨大的成就,产生了比较科学的虚词研究方法和相应的虚词研究理论。清人语法的研究偏重于词法,而句法的研究则散见于训诂著作和相关篇章中,还未能形成一定的系统,但为后来汉语语法学的发展奠定了基础。更多还原

【Abstract】 As we all know, Shang shu was studied prosperously day by day in Qing Dynasty, during which period, most of scholars made good use of exegesis to interpret classical work. But unluckily, the method of exegesis was buried in a vast accumulation of ancient literature fragmentarily for lack of systematic exposition . This paper is aimed at sorting out the materials of exegesis of Shang shu systematically starting with the method of exegesis. What’s more, it can expound and analyse its value of theory and methodically ideology contained by practice of exegesis,which is in hopes of providing some new language materials and reference theories for dynastic scholium’s history and the scholium of Shang shu.This paper can be divided into five chapters.Chapter One: Phonetics of exegesis of Shang shu in Qing Dynasty. This chapter expounds the useful ways of phonetics by way of explaining classical works, distinguishing serial words and discriminating the rhetoric of pretence. Meanwhile, it expounds the theoretical basis of“obtainig the meaning according to sound”, introduces and deduces the establishment, inheriting and development of its historical process. Chapter Two: Philology of exegesis of Shang shu in Qing Dynasty. This chapter seeks the theoretical basis of exegesis in philology, which begins with superficial characteristics of Chinese characters and various interpretations of Shang shu. Moreover,Chapter two analyses the possibility and necessity of explaining Shang shu using philology. The scholars represented by Duan Yucai can make full use of lucid writing of Chinese classic work Shuo wen to distinguish variant forms of Chinese characters according to the features of Chinese characters and the developing laws of them. What’s more, they managed to distinguish ancient Chinese prose of Shang shu by using Jin wen and inscriptions on bones or tortoise shells. Of course, it still has some drawbacks. Chapter Three: Textual criticism of exegesis of Shang shu in Qing Dynasty. This chapter investigates the main achievements in textual criticism of Shang shu in Qing Dynasty. During over 2000 years, it has come into prominence that Shang shu was copied, changed, reproduced and reprinted for many times in different periods. In this way, you can get rid of deforming to be close to the fact. Scholars of Qing have sorted out this classic comprehensively by means of various proofreadings: proofreading by oneself, by others , or each other and so on.Thus, their contributions laid a solid foundation of correct exegesis of Shang shu.Chapter Four: Language surroundings of exegesis of Shang shu in Qing Dynasty. This chapter analyses preliminarily the cannotation, classification and native of language surroundings and then explores the important connections between language surroundings and exegesis of Shang shu. The writer collected and sorted out some similar materials to explain Shang shu related to language surroundings. These materials can be classified into three parts : deliberate by symmetrical structures or mutually structures, by context or by some typical articles. Also the study based on these materials is a tentative try to build and perfect Chinese’s language surroundings.Chapter Five: Grammar of exegesis of Shang shu in Qing Dynasty. This chapter makes a thorough inquiry about the ways and theories of studying Shang shu from morphology and sentence structures. Fuction word in Qing Dynasty was further studied and fully developed benefiting from the study of predecessors. As a result, we can acquire relative scientific methods and relevant theories. Scholars in Qing studied more morphology than grammar , and they didn’t make a systematic study but unorganized sentence structures. Even so, it still laid a solid foundation of later Chinese grammar.更多还原