【作者】 王慧英；

【导师】 王宝童；

【作者基本信息】 河南大学 ， 英语语言文学， 2007， 硕士

【副题名】从性别与文化角度对伊丽莎白·巴莱特·白朗宁和李清照的比较研究

【摘要】 尽管李清照(1084 - 1156)和伊丽莎白·巴莱特·白朗宁(1806-1861)生活在不同的国家和不同的历史时期,她们却在人生经历和诗歌创作上有很多相似之处。她们的著作震撼了文学评论界,在文学史上评论家们对其进行过广泛的研究。本篇论文作者所研究的核心问题是:为什么她们能在传统的文学界成为出类拔萃的女诗人?这二人都生活在中国和英国族长制的社会里和男性统治的文化中,女性的发言权和女性问题一向被忽视,女性文学被贬为男性文学之下,而且她们经常处于劣势和较低的地位之中,在中国女人被视为被动的角色和附属物,在英国女人被视为被动的诗人而不是主动的诗人,甚至她们生活在各自国家的边缘地位。在这种背景下,这两位女性如何能够跨越性别文化的界限,又怎么能获得女性作家特权—李清照成为女文豪,伊丽莎白·巴莱特·白朗宁成为“女荷马”呢?本文讨论的中心议题是:李清照和伊丽莎白·巴莱特·白朗宁如何能够跨越性别界限对女性的束缚和传统文化界线对女诗人的约束,而首先在中国和英国文学史上成为女诗圣?她们又怎样创建了巧妙的策略﹑跨越了性别的障碍而成功地实现了女诗人身份的确定?在族长制社会里和男性主导的文化中,英国几无女前辈作家,而伊丽莎白·巴莱特·白朗宁却通过求索而率先成为这样的女前辈作家。被称为“婉约派”倡导人的李清照,提出了“词别是一家”的词学理论,首创“易安体”,“成为中国唯一压倒须眉的女作家”1。她们的心可谓是寻求女性文学身份确定的孤独猎人。“孤独猎人”的含义是:李清照和伊丽莎白·巴莱特·白朗宁不但渴望开拓一条能和男人平等的女诗人道路,而且渴望探索女性对社会和文学的重要作用,但是很少有人能够分享她们的成功和挫折,就连女性也很少有人理解她们。用“孤独猎人”来形容她们较为确切,也便有了本文的标题。在中国文学界,李清照诗词的研究至今依然是批评家关注的热点之一,但是国外对李清照的认识还远远不够,对李清照的研究更不容乐观,李清照不仅是宋词的巨擘之一,也是一位伟大的女诗人,事实上被她的词作盛名掩盖下的诗﹑文,实绩也是巨大的。忽视李清照的诗﹑文成就和价值是不正常的。《漱玉词》并不仅仅是她唯一的杰作。用Rexroth等人的话说,“她是中国唯一一位集诗﹑词于一身的伟大的女作家”。另一方面,对作为女性前辈作家的伊丽莎白·巴莱特·白朗宁的研究在英国文学界已经有很长的历史了,但是在中国对她的研究尚显单薄。《葡萄牙十四行诗》是她最著名的爱情诗,但并不是她的杰作。中国的学术期刊上发表的对两位女作家对比研究的论文仅限于对她们的爱情诗歌的对比。鉴于所述原因,本文作者迫切希望能够从性别与文化角度对两位女性作家作一专门研究,提出个人的新颖见解,以冀对李清照和伊丽莎白·巴莱特·白朗宁两位作家的研究有所补益。诗对于两位作家来说都十分重要。伊丽莎白·巴莱特·白朗宁曾经说过“诗是上帝所在”。两位女作家天生的特殊使命就是寻求女性文学身份的确定。本文作者对两位女作家论述的过程是:通过寻求女性文学身份的确定,两位女诗人改变了自己的命运,提高了自己的社会地位;通过寻求女性文学身份的确定,两位女诗人能够改观自我,塑造自己鲜明的个性;通过寻求女性文学身份的确定,两位女诗人能够有机会施展自己的才华,能拥有传奇般的爱情和成功的婚姻;通过寻求女性文学身份的确定,两位女诗人能跨越性别界限对女性的束缚和传统文化界限对女诗人的约束;通过寻求女性文学身份的确定,李清照成为女文豪,伊丽莎白·巴莱特·白朗宁成为女荷马;通过寻求女性文学身份的确定,两位女诗人能够以她们不朽的诗篇获取女性作家的名誉特权。两位女诗人不懈奋斗和求索,为的是“女性地位不被降低,不被仅仅确认为被动的女性作家……女性作家的创作生涯就是一部奋斗史”1。她们通过寻求女性文学身份的确定,使其由客体地位转为主体地位,被动地位转为主动地位,劣势地位转为优势地位。她们革新了传统文学,让传统文学焕然一新。本文作者在对两位女性作家这一专门的研究过程中拓宽了研究领域,展现了自己的新颖见解。更多还原

【Abstract】 Although Li Qingzhao (1084 - 1156) and Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1806-1861) lived in different countries and historical periods, they had a lot of in common both in life and work. Their works have greatly stirred the literary and critical world, and critics have studied them intensively in literary history. The main question the author of this thesis discusses is why they could become outstanding poetesses in traditional literature. They both lived in patriarchal society and male-dominated culture in which female voices and issues were ignored and women’s literature considered inferior to men’s; they both were put in a disadvantaged lower position, with females seen as passive figures or appendages in China and passive muses rather than active poets in Britain; and they even both lived at the margin of their societies. How could they transcend their gender and culture to become the privileged few—a literary giantess in China and a“female Homer”1 in Britain?The central argument of this thesis is how Li Qingzhao and Elizabeth Browning could each transcend their gender and culture to come among the most widely admired poetesses their homeland had ever produced; and how by wise strategies they managed to escape from the traps of their gender, starting from male-dominated culture to construct and achieve their female poetic identity successfully. Lacking female precursors or grandmothers, Elizabeth Browning took the lead in becoming such a grandmother herself. And Li Qingzhao, the first person who advocated that“Ci-poetry forms a realm of its own”(词别是一家) 2, the one who created the Yi’an Style(易安体), was unquestionable regarded as leader of the Wan Yue (subtle and restrained) school of poets and become“the only woman whose literary fame was not eclipsed by that of men”.~1 The author of this paper thinks that their hearts were lonely hunters struggling for female poetic identity. In a society in which women were tightly controlled and dominated by men, they each hunted for their own literary identity to blaze new trails for women to bring their talents into full play with as much freedom and dignity as their male counterparts, but found themselves frustrated, less appreciated and understood even by people of their own gender, hence“lonely”.Up to the present day, interest in Li Qingzhao has been strong in Chinese literary world; but in the West her importance has not been fully realized and a lot of work remains undone. She was more than a mere epoch-making poetess of ci-poems; behind her laurel in ci, her achievements in shi-poetry and prose works were equally great. It is abnormal to ignore Li’s achievements, and contribution, to shi-poetry. Ci of Pure Jade (《漱玉词》) was not her only outstanding work. As a matter of fact,“Li Qingzhao was the only Chinese woman author who mastered a great variety of styles and excelled in both the writing of shi and ci-poetry.”2 (tr. by Rexroth) On the other hand, research into Elizabeth Barrett Browning the grandmother of poetry has had a long history in English literature, yet in China it does not seem to match her superb achievement. Sonnets from the Portuguese is her best-known work but not her masterpiece. Some articles seen in Chinese academic journals have compared her with Li, but those comparisons were merely confined to their love poems. It is for the above mentioned reasons that the author of this thesis deems it her duty to make a special study of Li Qingzhao and Elizabeth Barrett Browning and by bringing them together over time and space for comparison, to try to find a fresh flower for thought.Poetry was very important for both Li Qingzhao and Elizabeth Browning.“Poetry is where God is!”said Elizabeth. The two ladies’special mission was to hunt for their female poetic identity. The gist of this discussion is—It is through their lonely hunting for female literary identity that they were able to change their fates and social positions. Through their lonely hunting for female literary identity they improved themselves and formed their personalities. Through their lonely hunting for female literary identity they got chance to put their talents to good use, resulting in their legendary love and successful marriage. Through their lonely hunting they successfully transcended the limit of their gender and traditional culture to become a female literary giant for Li and a“female Homer”for Elizabeth Browning. Again through their lonely hunting for female literary identity they each distinguished themselves in the privileged golden realm of immortal poetry. Theirs was just DuPlessis said“the struggle not to be reduced, not to be passive‘muses or poetesses’…the career of the woman poet is the career of struggle”.~1 Through their lonely hunting for female poetic identity they turned object to subject, from passive to active and disadvantageous to advantageous position. They each renovated their traditional literature, of which they turned a brand new page…. The author of this thesis attempts to go through a special study of these two special lady poets, to open widely the realm of this reach and to put forward her own view as food for thought in intercultural comparison and exchange.更多还原