【作者】 殷振兴；

【导师】 王静；

【作者基本信息】 山东师范大学 ， 世界史， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 贝文是战后英国的伟大外交家,他的外交思想和实践对英国产生了重大的影响。本文力图探讨贝文外交思想的成因,总结贝文外交思想和实践的内容和原则,并对其作一些简单的评价。文章共分四章。第一章着重介绍贝文外交思想的成因。贝文外交思想的成因比较复杂,既有个人因素,又有社会、历史、传统等因素。经过笔者总结,认为贝文外交思想的成因主要有以下四个。第一,个人经历。以贝文担任外交大臣为界,将贝文的个人经历对其外交思想的影响划分为两段。在第一阶段中,贝文主要是锻炼了从政的基本能力和形成了基本的执政观念。而这些观念有些并不成熟,在以后的经历中不断地被加以改善。贝文担任内阁外交大臣一职后是第二个阶段,也是贝文外交思想形成和实践的重要阶段。第二,帝国因素。传统的大英帝国思想对贝文的外交思想有重要的影响。作为一种滞留在人们思想意识深处的文化积淀,“帝国情结”成为影响英国外交决策的一种牵制性力量,包括贝文在内的政治家都不得不受到这种影响。第三,英国均势外交等外交传统的影响。第四,社会历史背景。任何一种外交思想的产生都离不开当时特定的社会历史背景,贝文的外交思想也不例外。战后英国所面临的内忧外患的形势促成了贝文外交思想的形成,构成了贝文外交思想形成的历史背景。第二章详细地介绍了贝文提出的“第三条道路”的外交思想和实践。贝文在战后初期认为英国尽管实力有所下降,但仍然有资本、有机会走“第三条道路”。为此先后提出一系列的主张并作了许多工作。首先,他明确了以英法为核心组建西欧联盟的策略。其次,在发展方式问题上,他最初希望通过经济合作的方式能实现,后来将合作领域扩大到殖民地合作等更广的领域。最后,在合作方式上,贝文坚持传统的政府间合作的方式,反对欧洲联邦主义者和一些政府人士建立欧洲联盟或欧洲超国家主义一体化的主张。第三章主要介绍了贝文“联美抗苏”的外交思想。形势的发展不如人意,迫使贝文被迫转向了“联美抗苏”的外交战略。这种形势包括:第一,英国同西欧关系进展不利。第二,英帝国也面临着巨大的危机。第三,无论是美国还是苏联,都不可能允许在战后的世界再出现另一个强大的英国及所领导的西欧力量与之相对抗。第四,1946年底所爆发的严重的经济危机。为实现联美抗苏战略,贝文提出了“贝文计划”,制定了积极的冷战防务政策。“第三条道路”和“联美抗苏”这两种政策都是贝文提出的,有一个转变的动态过程。而在这两种外交战略的变化中,欧洲都是贝文所积极争取的重点对象。第四章主要是对贝文的外交思想和实践活动作了综合性的评价。首先,论述了贝文的外交原则。第一,贝文认为外交事务应该从国家利益出发,不应只局限于狭隘的党派利益。第二,贝文认为外交和内政是互为一体的,必须妥善处理好内部争斗,为外交工作营造一个良好的环境。第三,贝文坚持外交事务的连续性,主张不能因为执政党的更迭而抛弃原有方针。第四,贝文始终坚持外交的基本原则,但是允许不同观点的存在。其次,作者论述了贝文外交的影响。贝文的外交思想和实践对英国外交产生了积极的影响,最大程度的维护了国家利益,实现了英国由战时外交向战后外交的转变,推动了欧洲的联合和复兴,对三环外交产生了重要影响。同时,贝文的外交思想和实践又有值得商榷之处和不完美之处,比如错失了领导欧洲的机遇、过于紧密地英美关系又使得英国的外交空间大大缩小等。最后,作者总结了贝文外交思想和实践的核心和最终目的,即重振大英帝国的雄风、最大程度地维护战后英国的国家地位和利益。更多还原

【Abstract】 Bevin was a great diplomat, his diplomatic thoughts and practcise produce important influence to England.The thesis study the reason of Bevin diplomactic thoughts , summerize the principle of Bevin’s diplomatic thoughts and practrise and make some simple evaluations.The article is totally divided into 4 parts.First chapter emphatically introduces Bevin’s diplomatic thought origin. Bevin diplomactic thought origin is complex, both has person factor and social history tradition.I think the factors are following five.First, personal experience.Holds the post of diplomat take Bevin as, Bevin’s personal experience to its diplomatic thought influence division is two sections.In the first stage, Bevin has mainly exercised the basic capability and has formed the basic ruling idea which takes part in government or administration.But these ideas some are not mature.They are improved in the later exerprice.After Bevin holds the post of cabinet diplomat a duty is the second stage.It is also the stage which Bevin diplomacy thought forms .The second is empire factor.The traditional Great Britain thought has an important influence to Bevin’s diplomatic thought.It is detained as one kind in the people ideology deep place culture accumulat; becomes affects the English diplomacy decision-making one diversionary strength, all can not but come under this kind of influence including Bevin’s statesmen. Third, diplomatic tradition such as power balance diplomacy influences.Fourth, society historical background.Any diplomatic thought production could not leave the specific society historical background, Bevin’s diplomatic thought is not at that time exceptional. England faces the internal disorder and foreign invasion situation has facilitated the Bevin diplomacy thought formation postwar, constituted the historical perspective which the Bevin diplomacy thought forms.Second chapter introduced in detail Bevin’s“the third path”diplomatic thought and practice. Bevin attempts "the third path" in the postwar initial period, for this successively proposed a series of positions and have done much work. First, he was clear about has set up the Western European Union take England and France as the core the strategy. Next, in the developmentway question, he hoped at first can realize through the economiccooperation way, afterwards the area of collaboration will expand tothe colony cooperation and so on a broader domain. Finally, in thecooperation way, Bevin persisted traditional the intergovernmentalcooperation way, opposed the Europe federalism and some governmentcircles establish the European Union or the Europe ultra statismintegration position.Chapter 3 mainly introduced Bevin "associate Aemercica anti-Soviet" diplomatic thought. The situation development isunsatisfactory, forces Bevin was compelled to change "associationbeautiful anti- Soviet" the diplomatic strategy.These two kind of policies all are Bevin propose.They have some transformation dynamic process. But in these two kind of diplomatic strategy change,Europe all is the key object which Bevin positively strives for.Fourth chapter mainly has made the comprehensive appraisal to Bevin’s diplomatic thought and practice.First, the author elaborated Bevin’s diplomatic principle.First, Bevin thought the diplomatic work should embark from the national interest, should not only limit to the narrow parties and groups benefit.Second, Bevin thought the diplomacy and the internal affairs are mutually a body, must handle the good internal battle properly, builds a good environment for the diplomatic work.Third, Bevin persisted the diplomatic work the continuity, advocates cannot because the incumbent party alternates abandons the original policy.Fourth, Bevin always persists diplomatic the basic principle, but permits the different viewpoint the existence. Next, the author elaborated the Bevin diplomacy influence.Bevin’s diplomatic thought and the practice has had the positive influence to the English diplomacy, the greatest degree maintenance national interest, has realized England by the wartime diplomacy to the postwar diplomatic transformation, impelled Europe’s union and the revival, has had the important influence to three link diplomacy.At the same time, Bevin’s diplomatic thought and the practice also has is worth place of and not the perfect place, for instance the error has led Europe’s opportunity, too closely the British and American relations causes England’s diplomatic space big reduction and so on the discussion.Finally, the author summarized the Bevin diplomacy thought and the practice core and the final goal, namely inspires Great Britain’s strong wind again, the greatest degree maintenance postwar England’s national status and the benefit.更多还原