【作者】 王波；

【导师】 周冰峰；

【作者基本信息】 福建农林大学 ， 特种经济动物饲养， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 蜜蜂种群生态学是一门新的学科和研究方向，实际上就是研究蜜蜂与环境之间的关系，核心是蜜蜂种群的数量动态。开展蜜蜂种群生态学的研究，不仅完善了蜜蜂种群生态学的理论框架，丰富了昆虫种群生态学的研究内容，而且是现代科学养蜂不可或缺的科学基础。本文研究了中华蜜蜂(Apis cerana cerana Fabricius 1793，简称中蜂)实验种群在福州综合环境因子作用下周年的数量动态规律，观察测定了中华蜜蜂个体实验种群的日平均出生数、死亡率、增长率和年龄结构以及这些参数与环境因子，特别是气候和蜜粉源的关系。此外，本文还研究了中华蜜蜂群体种群的出生率和死亡率及蜜蜂个体实验种群中工蜂的生命表。研究结果表明：(1)福州中华蜜蜂个体实验种群周年的数量动态变化规律与当地的气候和蜜粉源等环境条件变化相一致。3～4月份、9～10月份，气候适宜、蜜粉源丰富，蜜蜂个体实验种群数量增加；5～8月份、11～2月份，气候炎热或寒冷、蜜粉源缺乏，蜜蜂个体实验种群数量减少。(2)蜜蜂个体实验种群的日平均出生数与福州地区的气候和蜜粉源等环境条件密切相关，分蜂也是一个不可忽略的因素。4月份和10月份，个体实验种群日平均出生数较高，最高可达3915只；而在其他月份，个体实验种群日平均出生数下降，最低只有307只。个体实验种群日平均出生数的变化规律与种群数量动态基本一致，只是在种群发展的过渡阶段，个体实验种群日平均出生数的增加或减少，却在短时间内引起个体实验种群数量向相反的方向变动。(3)在产卵量和存活率相对稳定的阶段，中华蜜蜂个体实验种群内蜂子的日平均死亡率的变化范围为3.8％～12.8％。而成虫周年内的日平均死亡率相对较为稳定，变化范围为1.5％～3.1％。(4)中华蜜蜂个体实验种群日平均增长率的变化范围为-2.4％～1.8％。周年内只有3个阶段为正值，且时间较短，分别是4月3日～4月23日、9月30日～10月20日和2月28日以后，至3月14日，日平均增长率已达0.9％。(5)中华蜜蜂个体实验种群的年龄结构周年都处于变化之中，2006年4月3日～4月13日、8月30日～10月10日和2007年2月6日～3月14日，个体实验种群的年龄结构为增长型年龄结构；其他阶段，个体实验种群的年龄结构为衰退型年龄结构。(6)中华蜜蜂群体实验种群的出生率和死亡率分别为67.7％和40.0％。(7)中华蜜蜂个体实验种群的生命表具有明显的季节性。两组同生群个体在卵、未封盖幼虫和封盖子发育阶段的死亡率分别为0.3％、0.6％、0.6％和0.7％、0.9％、0.9％；平均寿命分别为42.7d和43.8d；在卵、未封盖幼虫、封盖子和成虫阶段的生命期望分别43.2、37.8、28.5、23.7d和44.4、39.2、27.0、25.3d。两组存活曲线都为凸型，形状亦有一定差异。更多还原

【Abstract】 Population ecology of honeybee is a new research subject, which studies the relationship between honeybee and the environment. The core is to study the quantity dynamics of honeybee population. Developing the research of honeybee population ecology has consummated the honeybee population ecology theory frame, enriched the research content of insect population ecology and also is the indispensable scientific foundation of modern bee-keeping.We studied the annual quantity dynamic of the honeybee (A. c. cerana F.) experimental population under the function of integrated environment factor in Fuzhou. Average daily birth number, mortality rate, increment rate, age structure of individual experiment population were observed and measured. Then the relationship between the variety of these parameters with environment factor, especially climate and sources of nectar and pollen situation was analysed. In addition, we also studied birth rate, mortality rate of colony experimental population and the life table of individual worker in the experimental population.The results were as follows:(1) The variety of annual quantity dynamic of individual (A. c. cerana ) in Fuzhou from experimental population corresponded with the changes of local climate, honey and powder resources and so on. From March to April and from September to October, the climate was suitable for honeybee and the resources of nectar and pollen were rich, so individual quantity from experiment population increased; From May to August and from November to February, the pattern was reversed.(2) There was a close correlation between the average daily birth number of individual and local environmental condition in Fuzhou and swarming also was a factor which cannot be neglected. In April and in October, the average daily birth number of individual was higher, the highest was up to 3,915; But in other months, the number droped, the lowest reduced to 307. The variety of individual average daily birth number was consistent with the population quantity dynamic and only at some transitional stages of population development, average daily birth number of the individual increased or reduced, actually which caused the individual quantity be opposite to the direction in the short time.(3) At the relatively stable phase with the amount of spawned egg, average daily mortality rate of A.c.c. individual ranges from 3.8% to 12.8%. But mortality rate of adults is relative stable, the range of variation was 1.5%—3.1%.(4) Average daily increasing rate of the A.c.c. individual ranged from -2.4% to 1.8%. There were only three stages during the whole year, average daily increasing rate is positive, and the total time was short. From April 3 to April 23, September 30 to October20, February 28 and until March 14, average daily increasing rate had reached 0.9%.(5) Age structure of individual experiment population changed during the whole year. From April 3 to April 13, from August 30 to October 10, and from February 6 to Marchl4, age structure of individual belonged to growing type; at other stages, age structure of individual belonged to declining type.(6) Birth rate and mortality rate of A.c.c. colony experiment population were 67.7% and 40.0% respectively.(7) Life table of individual experiment population had obvious seasonal characteristic. In two groups of cohort, mortality rates of egg, larva and sealed brood were 0.3%, 0.6%, 0.6% and 0.7%, 0.9%, 0.9% respectively; The mean lifetimes were 42.7 d and 43.8 d respectively; The life expectation of egg, larva, sealed brood and adult were 43.2, 37.8, 28.5, 23.7 d and 44.4, 39.2, 27.0, 25.3 d respectively. The survival curves of two groups showed a convex type, but their shape had certain differences.更多还原