十一味中药炮制的色谱研究与半夏炮制减毒机理研究

【作者】 袁向辉；

【导师】 刘建利；

【作者基本信息】 西北大学 ， 中药学， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 本论文分为两部分，第一部分是11味中药炮制后成分变化的对比，第二部分是半夏炮制解毒机理的研究。中药的炮制过程伴随着有效成分含量升高或提取率增大，毒性物质被破坏以及其他成分的化学变化。本文第一部分应用高效液相色谱观察到11味中药炮制后都有多种成分发生了变化。由于成分的变化是药理作用变化的物质基础，因此注重炮制后多种成分的变化为深入揭示炮制机理提供了新的研究思路。半夏是临床常用的有毒中药，生品口服对黏膜有强烈刺激作用，导致口腔、咽喉部位疼痛，舌头肿胀甚至无法言语。伴随症状还有大量流涎、吞咽困难甚至呼吸障碍等。因而内服一般需经炮制，炮制后刺激性消失。目前半夏研究没有取得突破的原因是其刺激性成分没有明确，从50年代起一直争议较大。最近我国学者提出半夏的刺激性成分为草酸钙针晶，认为坚硬而细长的针状晶体刺破黏膜，导致细胞破损，从而引起刺激疼痛感并产生炎性反应。由于难以解释为何许多含有草酸钙针晶的植物并无类似的刺激性，此观点在学术界尚未得到公认。本文第二部分对半夏的刺激性成分和草酸钙针晶及两者之间的关系进行了研究，结果表明半夏的针晶具有两条纵向的沟槽，刺激性作用的产生与这种外形特殊的针晶有关：某种毒性物质隐藏在针晶的“纵沟”内或者附近区域，晶体刺破黏膜后毒性物质与组织接触，从而引起刺激疼痛感。在含晶异细胞内新发现的一种不溶性蛋白质可能是半夏的刺激性成分，半夏的三种炮制方法都能够破坏这种蛋白质，因而炮制后刺激性消失。更多还原

【Abstract】 This dissertation has two parts, the first part is the study of chemical change during the preparation of 11 traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). The second one is the study of detoxifcation mechanism of preparing process of the Raw Pinellia ternata(Thunb.), which called BanXia in Chinese.Along with the preparing process of TCM the amount of effectual components is likely to increase or have a higher extraction rate, while the amount of nocuous substances decreases and some other chemical changes might happen. The first part of this dissertation carry out the compare research of the preparing process of 11 TCM by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). As a result we found there was several chemical changes happened after preparing process of each TCM. Since chemical changes are the base of pharmacological effects, our attention focus to the changes of multi-components gives a new direction for the mechanism study of preparing process.Pinellia ternate (Thunb.), which called Banxia in Chinese, is poisonous and commonly used in Chinese native medicine. Ingestion of Raw Banxia gives a strong irritation on mucous membranes, results in intense pain of local mouth and throat, then causes the tongue to swell so as to render speech impossible. Profuse salivation and dysphagia are often present, also respiratory obstruction due to edema and constriction of the glottis. Thus it should be prepared as to be taken orally and the irritation disappears after preparing process.At present, the research of Banxia hasn’t obtained breakthrough because its irritant ingredient hasn’t been known yet. As a consequence there is no confirmable idea on the detoxifcation mechanism of preparing process since 1950s. Recently, Chinese scholars figured that the needle crystals of calcium oxalate (raphides) are the stimulating components in Raw Banxia, the raphides’ hard texture and needle-like shape endow them with ability to penetrate cell membrane. Subsequently the cells’ damage led to a sense of pain and inflammatory reaction occurred. This view has yet to be accepted in the academic community because it is difficult to explain why many other plants with no irritation effect also contain lots of needle-like calcium oxalate crystals.The second part of this article carry out on the relationship of calcium oxlate crystals with the irritation of Raw Banxia. There are two longitudinal grooves on the ridges of each raphide, and the groovs give the cross section of raphide an H-shape. The presence of raphides with particular shapes are essential but not sure in giving an irritation. There are some toxin, if not only one, concealled in the grooves or in the vicinity of raphides. When the raphides penetrate cell membrane, the tissue contact toxin and the irritation appeared. Moreover, a kind of indiscerptible protein in the crystal idioblasts which is likely to be the irritant ingredient was discovered. All of the three methods of preparing process are able to destroy this protein and therefore the irritation disappears.更多还原