缔约阶段信赖利益之民法保护研究

【作者】 陈文山；

【导师】 罗晓静；

【作者基本信息】 郑州大学 ， 民商法， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 缔约阶段发生缔约人因违背先合同义务而致使合理信赖人固有利益遭受损害的法律救济问题，我国民法通则第4条及代理制度，合同法第41、42条都对信赖利益的保护作了基本的制度界定，但是，基于缔约人法律地位的形式平等这个前提，司法实践中对实质公平、实质正义、效率等问题的关注还不够。而且，现行合同法对缔约阶段的界定较为模糊，对判定信赖责任的归属制造了困难。笔者以社会结构演变和关系契约论为出发点，结合法律经济学有关理论，提出为了促进交易安全，提高资源分配效率，注重实质正义与公平的缔约阶段信赖利益的法律救济措施，并认为作为损害赔偿的重要补充形式，强制缔约在现代社会中愈加重要。全文共分五个部分。1．引言。笔者从经济学、关系契约论角度，指出当前需要加强信赖利益保护的重要性及研究该问题的必要性。2．缔约阶段信赖利益的基本内涵。笔者首先对信赖、信赖利益等概念进行了认真分析，确认信赖就是本着顺利实现交易的善良愿望，而进行的合同行为(作为或不作为)，是主客观的统一。信赖利益乃是民事主体固有利益在特定当事人之间基于信赖而存在的特定形式。其次，从法律上的平等主体存在实质的不平等的角度，着重分析了缔约阶段这一复杂的活动过程，得出只要双方进入可交易的范围即可视为缔约阶段的结论。认为缔约人承担维护会公共利益的强弱，不仅是判断信赖程度的一个重要依据，也是判断缔约阶段的重要依据之一。3．缔约阶段信赖利益保护理论基础及价值分析。笔者通过对各种观点论证，着重对信赖利益保护制度的理论基础进行了分析，并在探讨诚信原则的本义与扩展义基础上，确立了诚信原则对缔约阶段信赖利益保护的理论指导地位。针对道德法律化的演进过程，对信赖利益保护的制度价值作了相应的总结。得出此制度必将促使人们在对稀缺性资源的合理利用过程中，提醒交易主体尽善良注意义务，为促进交易、维护交易安全，鼓励资源优化配置，体现个人正义利益与社会正义利益的协调方面发挥重要作用。4．缔约阶段信赖利益保护的比较法考察。笔者首先介绍了信赖利益理论的发展过程，回顾了英美、德、法等国的立法情况，其次，针对我国结合本土法律文化，继受大陆法系的缔约过失理论而建立的保护缔约阶段信赖利益的立法情况，指出其法条中概念之抽象与缺乏内在关联给法的实践造成了不便。5．信赖利益保护之民法救济方法分析。笔者根据缔结合同之目的主要在于满足某种效用，提出除损害赔偿为信赖利益基本救济手段外，强制缔约作为伴随市场经济深化，社会利益与私人利益之间权利冲突日益突出形势下的产物，也成为信赖利益救济方法的重要组成部分。在讨论损害赔偿方法时，笔者运用经济分析方法来分析了过错认定的现实问题。最后，笔者认为这两种民法救济缔约阶段信赖利益损失对契约自由的显在限制和潜在的推动，促使契约焕发出新的生机。更多还原

【Abstract】 Sometimes the legal relief issue happens in the contracting phase that the contracting party breaches contractual obligations and infringe the inherent benefits of proper trust. There are basic, systematic definitions on the protection of relianceinterst in China’s General Principles of Civil Law No. 4 and proxy system, the Contract Law No. 41, 42, however, based on the precondition that the contract parties are equal in form before law, issues on real fairness, real justice and efficiency in the judicial practice have not received enough concern. Furthermore, the existing contract law defines fuzzily on the contracting stage, which makes is difficult to judge which party should take the relianceresponsibility. Taking evolution of the social structure and the relationship contract as the starting point, combining related theories in law economics, the author put forward the legal relief measures that emphasize real justice and fairness of the contracting phase relianceinterests so as to promote transaction security and improve the efficiency of resource allocation. And as an important supplement to damages, mandatory contracting becomes increasingly important in modern society. The full text is divided into five parts.1. Introduction. From the view of economics, relationship contract, the writer points out the importance of strengthening the protection of relianceinterests and the very necessity to study the issue.2. The basic connotation of relianceinterest in the contracting phase. First of all, the author makes a careful analysis on the concepts of relianceand relianceinterest, holding relianceis the contractual action with the purpose of achieving smooth transactions, a combination of subjectiveness and objectiveness, and that relianceinterest is the particular form of civil party’s inherent interest which exists between the parties because of the mutual trust. Secondly, from the view of legal parties being not really equal in practice, the writer analyses the complex process of contracting phase and concludes as long as the two sides can enter transactions, which can be regarded as the conclusions of the contracting stage. The parties maintain the public interest, which is not only an important criterion to judge the degree of trust, also a significant basis to judge the contracting stage.3. Theoretical basis and value analysis on protecting the relianceinterest in the contracting stage. After demonstrating various opinions, the author specially analyses the theoretical basis of relianceinterest protection system. Meanwhile, based on the discussion of original and transferred meaning of honest and credit, the writer puts the honesty and credit principle a theoretical leading status in protecting the relianceinterest. The paper summaries the system value of protecting relianceinterest according to the evolution of moral legalization. During the rational use of scarce resources, this system will help remind transaction main parties of serving obligations, which is of vital significance in promoting trade, safeguarding the transaction security, encouraging the optimum distribution of resources and coordinating just interests between individuals and society.4. The comparison investigation on protecting the relianceinterest in the contracting phase. The author first introduces the development of relianceinterest theory, reviewing the legislation in the United Kingdom, the United States, Germany, France and other countries. Secondly, aiming at the local legal culture in our country and the legislation of protecting relianceinterest due to the civil contracting negligence theory, the author point out their abstract law concepts and lack of inherent relevance make the law practice very inconvenient.5. Analysis on the civil law relief solution to the relianceinterest protection. According to the main purpose of the contract is to meet a certain utility, the author holds that, in addition to Damages as a basic relief measure, mandatory contracting, as a product of the increasing conflict between personal and social interest with the deepening market economy, has also become an important part of relianceinterest relief solutions. In discussing compensation method for damage, the author use economic analysis to study the practical problem of identifying faults.Finally, the author believes that the above-mentioned two kinds of relief solutions, working as a free, obvious restriction and potential impetus respectively, bring the contract fresh with a new life.更多还原