【作者】 阙明学；

【导师】 温青；

【作者基本信息】 哈尔滨工程大学 ， 环境工程， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 持久性有机污染物(persistent organic pollutants，POPs)是一类具有毒性、持久性、易于在生物体内富集和长距离迁移和沉积、对源头附近或远处的环境和人体产生损害的有机化合物。持久性有机污染物可以通过大气、洋流以及其它方式在全球范围循环，它们造成的污染问题已成为全球性的环境问题。国内土壤中PCBs的污染状况文献中报道甚少。另外污染调查区域也十分有限，目前主要集中在长三角地区以及珠江三角洲地区。由于研究的区域不平衡和采样时间差异，很难对我国土壤中的多氯联苯的污染进行整体评价。另外，多氯联苯是最典型的难降解有机氯污染物，在许多工业发达国家，由于PCBs的长期大量使用，对土壤及底泥的污染治理是面临的最难解决的坏境污染问题之一。因此，本研究对我国土壤进行大尺度采样，全面了解我国土壤中多氯联苯的污染现状，研究其迁移转化规律，以及分析其源汇关系具有非常重要的现实意义。关系到PCBs污染治理的决策问题，也有助于从更高的视点去研究持久性有机污染物的环境化学行为，从而为我国POPs的研究提供重要的依据。本研究在全国范围内大尺度采集土壤样品，通过微波萃取和索氏提取的比较，建立土壤PCBs分析处理方法：确定土壤PCBs净化方法，在GC、GC—MS上建立84种PCBs混合标样的分析方法及解谱方法；研究并分析我国表层土壤中PCBs的污染现状及空间分布，对PCBs的污染源进行解析。本研究结果表明，我国土壤中的多氯联苯的整体污染水平并不高，但各区域间存在明显的差异，局部地区如一些发达城市土壤中PCBs污染较严重。其基本特点为城市土壤中的多氯联苯含量最高，农村次之，而偏远地区土壤中的多氯联苯含量最低。云南昆明市土壤中的PCBs的残留量最高(1840pg／g)，上海闵行区次之(1730pg／g)。我国城市表层土壤主要以六氯联苯为主，其次为三氯联苯。而我国农村和偏远地区土壤中的PCBs则主要以三氯联苯和二氯联苯为主。我国农村和偏远地区土壤已经成为大气传输PCBs的汇，这些地区土壤的污染状况与污染源地区或者直接污染土壤释放到大气中的PCBs有关，并且大气和土壤之间进行着交换。我国表层土壤中残留量最高的10种PCBs中有6种二氯联苯和三氯联苯，同时，在我国变压器油中10种浓度含量最高的PCBs当中，有7种二氯联苯和三氯联苯。并且它们当中PCB18，PCB31／28，PCB5／8，PCB17，PCB22共5种二氯联苯和三氯联苯相吻合。此外，我国土壤中浓度最高是三氯联苯，约占PCBs总浓度的35％，这表明我国土壤中PCBs的主要污染源可能来自#1 PCBs污染。而我国城市土壤中主要是重氯联苯，这可能是来源于我国生产五氯联苯的附产品，或者是进口电容器中PCBs的迁移。我国土壤中的PCBs和我国电容器油中的PCBs的相似性可能表明了它们的源汇关系。更多还原

【Abstract】 POPs ( persistent organic pollutants, POPs) are one sort of organic compound with toxicity, permanence and which can easily accumulate largely in organism, transfer away and then become sediment; so POPs will make great damage to the people and environment nearby the headstream even far. POPs can circulate through the world by atmosphere, sea current and other ways; thus the pollution caused by them has been the worldwide environment problem.There few reports about the contamination status of PCBs in domestic soil; in addition, the investigated pollution area is quite finite, currently researching the Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta. Because of area imbalance and difference of sampling-time, it is rather difficult to estimate the pollution status of PCBs in Chinese Soil; what’s worse, PCBs are the most typical hard to disintegrate. Therefore, due to the long-term and vast use of PCBs in industry developed countries, solving the pollution of soil and bottom mud caused by PCBs is one of the most scabrous environmental problems to be confronted with. Consequently, this test samples soil countrywide to entirely find out the pollution status in internal soil, studies the transferring and fate rules of PCBs, as well as analyses the relationship of source and sink which is provided with great realistic significance. The research has a great deal with the decision-making to harness the PCBs contamination, also redounds to study environmental chemistry behavior of POPs from a higher view, hereby, offers important base to internal research of POPs.The main research includes following work: collecting 52 samples countrywide; treating the samples with air-dry, grinding, shifting out, removing impurity etc., then freezing reserve; establishing the methods of analyzing and dividing spectrums with 84 mixture standard samples separately on GC, GC-MS; through the comparison between microwave extraction and soxhlet extraction setting up the processing soil method; the preparation of silica gal pole and eluting-curve experiment, ascertaining the decontamination system; QA/QC, consisting of the analysis of sample vacancy and solvent vacancy, and confirming the detectability of test apparatus and method; determinating the moisture and organic materials in soil; detecting and analyzing PCBs in 52 samples; studying and analyzing the pollution status quo, space distribution and the pollution source of PCBs in Chinese topsoil.The test result indicates that though the whole PCBs pollution level is low in internal soil, there is evident difference in different areas, for instance, the pollution being serious in the soil of developed city. The basic feature is that the PCBs content in city soil is the most, rural soil the second and remote mountain area the least. The PCBs residual quantity in soil Kunming Yunnan is the most(1840 pg/g), that in Mingxing District taking second place(1730 pg/g).There is the most HexaCB in soil of Chinese cities, TriCB the second. However, most of the PCBs in the soil of country and remote area are TriCB and DiCB. Country and remote area have been the sink for atmosphere fate. The pollution status in these areas is concerned to pollution source area and the PCBs in air from the contaminated soil, and that exchanging between soil and air.Of the most residual quantity 10 kinds of PCBs, 6 kinds are TriCB and DiCB in the topsoil, and that of the most density 10 kinds of PCBs in Chinese transformer oil, 7 kinds are TriCB and DiCB. Among them, there are 5 kinds TriCB and DiCB(PCB18, PCB31/28, PCB5/8, PCB17, PCB22) are accordant. Moreover, the most density TriCB accounts for about 35% of the whole PCBs density in Chinese soil, which demonstrates that the main pollution source of soil PCBs comes from 1# PCBs in China. Nevertheless, Heavy PCBs is the first in the city soil, which may come from the auxiliary product of PentaCB or the transfer of PCBs in imported capacitors. The comparability between PCBs in soil and that in transformer oil make clear their relationship of source and sink.更多还原