【作者】 吴芬；

【导师】 李正林；

【作者基本信息】 华中师范大学 ， 外国语言学及应用语言学， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 话语分析是对使用中的语言的分析，它不仅仅是探索语言的形式特征，更是对语言使用功能的研究(Brown & Yule，1983)。在求职面试中，面试者与求职者之间的对话是动态的、多样性的。双方采用的不同话语方式都透露出说话者当时的心理与意图。对于面试考官来说，不同的提问方式会达到不同的效果，他们也将针对应聘者的回答做出进一步的分析与揣摩以寻求最合适的人才；而在应聘者这一方，对于不同的问话他们需要使用不同的应答策略来达到他们的目的。因此，对面试的话语特征进行深入分析，剖析会话中不同的语言功能具有重要的意义。本研究通过转写12场大型企业面试的现场录音，运用言语行为理论及会话机制对面试语料进行分析，探讨求职面试中的提问技巧和应答策略，达到指导面试的效果。论文首先对求职面试的现状进行了阐述，强调了面试在应聘过程中占的重要地位，并对分析中文求职面试的意义及目的、研究范围及论文结构进行概述。然后，论文对面试话语的研究现状进行了回顾，指出目前的研究对象大多为面试中的外观、举止及面部表情的研究，极少讨论求职面试中的语言方面的问题。由于面试中话语的多样性及不稳定性，本研究将面试录音的语料范围限定为在求职中起关键作用的面试，并且排除了多人面试中的小组讨论形式的面试，但包含了多人面试中多对一(多个面试官、单个应聘者)的对话形式。在论文的主体部分，论文以言语行为理论、会话含义理论及会话结构分析理论为理论框架，通过分析求职面试互动会话中的话轮与话轮转换模式、会话中的打断与修复现象、问答结构的形式及言语反馈项目，在分析中引用所收集的语料中的相关例子加以阐述，从而概述出求职面试会话的基本语言特征。接着在第五部分，通过结合前面对面试会话的分析，采用言语行为理论将工作面试中的问题划分为不同的类型(信息确认型、意见征求型、消除疑虑型)，介绍了面试中的结构成分(问候、信息确认、公司介绍／职位信息介绍、面试中的问与答、结束语)，对不同类型的问题的分布情况及其功能分别采取统计和例证的讨论方式，通过综合求职面试的语境探索出应聘者对不同类型的面试问题所应采用的应答策略。研究发现，在求职面试语境中，不同类型的问题不均匀地分布在各种结构成分中，实现不同的言语行为。应聘者对问题中言语行为的不同解读将直接决定其采取不同的应对策略。根据对所收集的面试语料的分析，文章在最后总结出该研究对求职面试中的应聘者及在单位负责招聘的工作人员的启示，并强调准确把握面试会话的基本特征，充分了解求职面试的语境及结构成分，是读懂招聘者所提问题的言语行为的前提，也是选择正确的面试应对策略的关键。对于面试问题，特别是意见征求型问题的正确回答，是面试官区分众多应聘者的标准，也是求职者成功应聘的核心。同时，论文也指出了本研究的局限性及未来研究的方向。介于面试话语的研究在理论及实践上均有一定的意义，未来的研究可延伸至中英面试的对比策略分析等方面。更多还原

【Abstract】 As is well known, job interviews are playing an increasingly important role in job applicants’ effort in finding a job. Therefore, people are concerned about the importance of interviews, which not only provide an opportunity for the applicants to prove their competence but also help the company know more about the candidates as well. However, the conversation between the interviewer and the interviewee is dynamic and diverse. Different speech acts usually reveal different meanings and intentions.This study is an attempt to discuss the linguistic aspects of job interview and adopts a qualitative approach of discourse analysis to investigate the interpretation of speech acts of the interviewer’s questions. Also, the paper makes a detailed analysis of the features and functions of the interview with examples. Through transcription of the records from twelve job interviews in the large companies, this study employs the Speech Act Theory, the theory of Conversational Implicature and theories of the Conversation Structure Analysis to analyze the interview transcripts and explores the response strategies for different types of interview questions.To begin with, the paper points out the status of the job interviews and discusses the significance and purpose of the present study, scope of the study as well as the structure of the thesis. Part Two reviews the previous studies on job interviews and researches on the importance of context and its function in oral communication are reviewed. Then a theoretical framework adopted in this thesis is mainly based on the Speech Act Theory, conversational implicature and theories of the conversation structure analysis which work together in the research of speech acts of different types of questions and the correspondent response strategies. Part Three mainly discusses the research design of the present study, data collection and data description, which are introduced to prepare for later analysis in the following parts. Because of the diversity and instability of the discourse in job interviews, the range of the interview transcripts is constrained to interviews which play a crucial role in a company’s recruitment and multi-person interviews in the form of group discussion are also excluded, but individual talks in multi-person interviews (i.e. interviews consisted of several interviewers and one interviewee) are included. In the main body of the thesis, the paper analyzes the conversation in job interviews from aspects of turn and turn-taking patterns, interruption and self-repair in interactional conversation, the form of question and response structure and linguistic back channel items. The analysis is expounded through quoting examples of natural interview discourse and thus summarizes the basic linguistic feature of job interview discourse. Then in Part Five, through the analysis of the Speech Act Theory and the introduction of the structural components(G, IC, IR, IC/P&C) in interviews, the questions in job interviews are sorted into three types (ICQ, OSQ&CSQ). Besides, the distribution and the function of different types of questions are discussed by means of status-counting and exemplication. After the integration of the context in job interviews, the appropriate response strategies used in different types of interview questions by candidates are explored and suggested.The findings show that in the context of the job interviews, different types of questions distribute asymmetrically across the structural components and enact different speech acts. The different interpretation of the speech acts of these questions directly decides what response strategies interviewees will adopt. Based on the analysis of the transcripts collected, the paper concludes the employment of appropriate strategies with an awareness of the context and the structure of job interview. It also offers suggestions and implications for the applicants in job interviews as well as workers in charge of recruitment in companies, and emphasizes that good grasp of the basic characteristics in interview conversation and good interpretation of the speech acts of interviewer’s questions are the key points to select suitable response strategies in interviews. As regards the answering tactics of the interview questions, especially the OSQs, is the standard for interviewers to distinguish various applicants and the road to the interviewee’s success in interviews.Meanwhile, the paper also points out its limitations and directions for the future study. Concerning the theoretical and practical significance of the study of the interview discourse, the future study can be extended to such aspects as a comparative study of strategies in Chinese and English interviews.更多还原