【作者】 陈显；

【导师】 刘家峰；

【作者基本信息】 华中师范大学 ， 中国近现代史， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 自十九世纪初基督教传入中国以来，由于文化冲突、民族矛盾等种种复杂的原因导致中国士绅及民众的反教。教会由于拥有传教条约的特权，政府处理教案时不得不偏向教会一方，这不仅引起了更多的教案，也使基督教成为凌驾于政府之上的宗教。基督教也被视为西方对中国侵略的一部分。国民革命是以对外打倒帝国主义，对内打倒北洋军阀为目标的民族主义运动。基督教被视为帝国主义文化侵略的工具而成为革命打击的对象，在革命军和群众运动的冲击下教会遭到严峻的挑战。与西教士对革命的恐惧、疑虑、消极的态度相比，中国信徒更多的是赞成革命。他们借革命时期传教士的离开或转交权力的机会加快了中国教会本色化的进程。而国民党的领袖、军人、学生和工农群众参与反教运动，表明基督教享受特权的条约体制受到空前的挑战。然而，作为革命领导者的国民党内部对基督教的态度有很大的分歧。反教者认为基督教是帝国主义文化侵略的工具，无论其教义还是组织都应被打倒；护教者则强调宗教自由的原则，虽然也承认基督教与帝国主义的联系，但认为其教义与革命并不违背。双方共同点在于基督教不能超越于政府之外，应服从中国的国家利益。南京国民政府通过谈判，改订新约，收回部分主权。同时，国民政府制定法律法规，不断强化对教会团体的管理和约束，国民党也极力用三民主义排挤宗教的影响力，力图使教会的教育、医疗等事业摆脱宗教色彩，对其采取限制和利用的政策。传教士对于政府的强力介入感到宗教自由受到侵犯，但主张本色化教会的中国信徒接受法律法规范围之内的宗教自由。教会对政府的管理逐渐由抵制到勉强接受，二十世纪三十年代后，教会参与到政府的各种社会运动中来了。总之，从国民革命到南京国民政府的初期，由于时势变化，基督教与政府形成了新的和谐共处的关系。更多还原

【Abstract】 As a result of cultural conflicts, ethnic contradiction and other complex reasons, situations of anti-Christian sentiment arose among both Chinese gentry and common people since Christianity begin spreading in China in the 19th century. The late Qing government had to deal with many of these cases, and tended to decide on the behalf of the church because the church had privileges under the Missionary Treaty. This led not only to more anti-Christian sentiment, but also made Christianity a religion above the government. For these reasons, Christianity was often viewed by Chinese people as a part of Western aggression on China.The Nationalist Revolution was a movement which aimed at the overthrow of foreign imperialism and the Northern Warlords in China. Christianity also became a target of the Nationalist Revolution, since it was regarded as a tool of imperialistic cultural invasion, and it endured a severe challenge by the Revolutionary Army and People’s Movement. Western missionaries doubted and feared the Revolution and held a negative attitude toward it, while Chinese Christians were more in favor of the Revolution. Chinese Christians eagerly anticipated the opportunities that were to come when missionaries left the country and transferred power to Chinese Church leaders who accelerated the process of indigenization. Leaders of Kuomintang, soldiers, students, and worker-peasant masses all took part in the Anti-Christian Movement to challenge the treaty from which Christianity had gotten its privilege.However, there were different views among the Kuomintang leaders. Those who opposed Christianity held that all aspects of Christianity, including its doctrines and organizations, should be overthrown because Christianity was seen as a tool of imperialistic cultural invasion. Those who supported Christianity emphasized the principle of religious freedom; although they admitted the relationship of Christianity to imperialistic invasion, they didn’t think its doctrines taught against revolution. The common ground of Kuomintang leaders was that Christianity in China should not be beyond the control of government, and should be on behalf of China.The Nanjing Nationalist Government took back national sovereignty to a certain extent by re-negotiating treaties with foreign governments. At the same time, the Nationalist Government set down many laws and statutes to manage and restrain Christian societies. The Kuomintang tried to eliminate religious impact in church schools, hospitals and other church enterprises, and replaced religious impact with the Three People’s Principles. The policy of the Kuomintang toward Christianity was utilitarian. Western missionaries thought that the religious liberty of the church was encroached, but Chinese Christian leaders who tended to promote indigenous churches were in favor of the Nationalist Government’s management. The Christian churches struggled with the Nationalist Government at the very start, but eventually accepted it even though with reluctance. In the 1930s, Chinese Churches begin to cooperate with the National Government in the reconstruction of Chinese society. Chinese Churches can now coexist with government harmoniously, and a new relationship between Church and government was established, replacing the old relationship which had been so confrontational.更多还原