【作者】 邓超；

【导师】 刘会军；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 中国近现代史， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 政党是人类社会进入资本主义阶段的产物,近代中国政党主要是中西冲突的产物,是政治思潮与实践相结合的产物。民国初年,议会政治作为政权运作的主要方式,在中国政治舞台上经历过短暂的辉煌。辛亥革命后,资产阶级上升为统治阶级,资产阶级革命党人掌握了国家政权,议会斗争、政党政治喧闹一时。而作为共和政体、宪法政治主要象征之一的议会,在这一时期则风雨飘摇,历经坎坷,最终仍未逃脱被彻底否定的结局。议会政治在民国初期从兴起、发展到最终被否定,其原因是多方面的。民初各个政党之间党争多于联合,党派倾轧,内阁的频繁更迭,使民众产生了厌烦心理,从而失去了民众的支持。在清末民初则缺乏与政党政治的心理认同,党派利益与个人利益左右着自己的情感倾向,因而模糊了对政治权威的理性构建;人们的共和观念淡薄,人治观念也未能向法制观念转变,缺乏规范认同。民初的政党政治,有其兴衰的历程及自身的特点,是一次具有历史意义的政治实践。更多还原

【Abstract】 Party government is one of the basic elements of the bourgeois democracy. In order to carry out the political governance of bourgeois, party government takes a political form which rules in turns, rules in consociation or rules solely by the bourgeois party through parliament elected and election campaign. From the first year to the second year of the Republic of China (from 1912 to 1913), western democracy was transplanted in China. During the easy period, the politics of China appeared unprecedented new atmosphere: Parties appeared one after another, and the number of the parties had already reached hundreds; the Parties of temporary senate were confronting each other; the large numbers of political organizations were combining gradually, which became few Parties; the election of parliament acted in due form, and every party were in fierce competition; controversy and dissension were always carrying on in the parliament ,etc.At the beginning years of the Republic of China, every majority Parties had their own party theory, and had the political line which combined the political theory and based on the political situation in reality with the direction of their own party theory. From the political lines of every party above, they had an agreement of the integrity of politics and enhanced the authority of the central government. However they still had disagreements about authority of the central government. Starting from the concept of democratic rights, the Radical Party insisted that authority is the expression of public opinion, so the power of the parliamentary should be more enhanced ; Starting from the concept of national rights ,the Conservatives Party insisted that elite politics and democracy politics would take more effect on nation advancement, so the administrative power should be more considered .If there is antinomy, and there is conflict .If there is Parties ,and there is parties conflicts. The Radical Party and the Conservatives Party of the bourgeoisie had conflicts about parliament。council of ministers, president and establishing constitution, which made up main content of party government in the beginning years of the Republic of China.Generally speaking, Parties are in the developing initial stages during this period. There were three representations. Firstly, among the hundreds of Party organizations, only dozens of organizations had the completed political creeds. However, the concepts of the creed nearly the same, and could not tell what were the differences between them. Other Parties and Party organizations always do not have the completed politics creeds, and some of them even do not have any politics creeds. Actually Party is the representation of certain class, estate and group. However, the element of the Parties were complex at the beginning years of the Republic of China. Some of them were revolutionary Party, and some of them were constitutional Party, even there were also bureaucratic politician.In modern age of China, parliamentary were introduced to China as a way to save our nation and people. Statesmen advocated parliamentary. There are two reasons. On the one hand , the hope of parliamentary would enhance China national power, and changed the status of China in the world from political side, then became one of the civilization countries. On the other hand ,with the hope of parliamentary would make a struggle to autocratic power, then participated in politics and shared the political power. To make our country and people prospered and restrict dictator, so the discipline of parliament organizations were debased. From temporary senate in Nanjing to first congress was dismissed in 1924, parliament still did not have a right way to run. However, non- reasonableness factor were growing badly in the party government of parliament. When referred this non-reasonableness factor, it performed that Partisan interests had a priority of national interests and people’s interests in the parliament. The Parties conflicts in the beginning years of the Republic of China would decrease the power of Parties. And in this way ,Parties would become more goneness and decadency, which provided convenient way for Yuan Shikai to deracinate Parties. Party conflicts would also ruin the status of Parties in peoples’ mind, and make people have a averse and alternative feeling to Parties. What is worse, this situation would advance the status and prestige of Yuan Shikai in peoples’ mind invisibly. Parties in the beginning years of the Republic of China did not changed the disordered social situation after revolution, even marked the political situation become more complex. The conflicts among Parties were a important reason of political failure in the beginning years of the Republic of China. The Xinhai revolution did not change the economic feature of China. At that time ,the economic foundation of China still stayed around smallholder agriculture economic, and lacked of material foundation to put into practice party government. The parties in the late Ching dynasty and the beginning years of the Republic of China were not the outcome of capitalist economy in modern age. In fact, they were a kind of culture choice facing national crisis.In modern age of China, parliamentarism were introduced to China as a way save our nation and people. Statesmen advocated parliamentarism.There are two reasons.On the one hand ,with the hope of parliamentarism would enhance China national power,and changed the status of China in the world from political side,then became one of the civilization countries.On the other hand ,with the hope of parliamentarism would make a struggle to autocratic power,then participated in politics and shared the political power.To make our country and people prospered and restrict dictator,so the discipline of parliament organizations were debased. From temporary senate in Nanjing to first congress was dismissed in 1924, parliament still did not have a right way to run.However,non- reasonableness factor were growing badly in the party government of parliament. When refered this non- reasonableness factor,it performed that Partisan interests had a priority of national interests and people’s interests in the parliament.The Parties conflicts in the beginning years of the Republic of China would decrease the power of Parties.And in this way ,Parties would become more goneness and decadency,which provided convenient way for Yuan Shikai to deracinate Parties.Party conflicts would also ruin the status of Parties in peoples’ mind,and make people have a averse and alienative feeling to Parties.What is worse,this situation would advance the status and prestige of Yuan Shikai in peoples’ mind invisibly.Parties in the beginning years of the Republic of China did not changed the disordered social situation after revolution,even maked the political situation become more complex.The conflicts among Parties were a important reason of political failure in the beginning years of the Republic of China.更多还原