【作者】 王靖宇；

【导师】 武玉环；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 中国古代史， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 辽代自公元916年建国,至公元1125年被金朝灭亡,统治时间长达209年,曾先后与中原政权唐、五代十国、北宋并存。也就是说,在中原政权频繁更替的时候,辽代一直保持着相对平稳、长久的统治。没有江河之险,也没有长城之固,辽政权却能与中原王朝相持二百余年,究其原因,笔者认为,当时作为政治统治的地理界线与社会文化生活的中间地带的幽云十六州具有不可忽视的重要的作用。本文通过对幽云十六州的政治、军事、文化、经济等方面各种现象的研究,充分阐明一个基本观点,即幽云地区曾经在辽代割据一方的统治中起过至关重要的作用,对整个辽代社会的存在和发展都产生过深远的影响,可以说幽云十六州对辽代相对的稳定、长久的政治统治具有不可磨灭的贡献。更多还原

【Abstract】 Liao dynasty was established in 916A.D. and perished in 1125 A.D.. During its 209-year reign, Liao co-existed with Tang dynasty, Wudaishiguo and North Song dynasty successively. It means that Liao dynasty maintained a relatively stable and long-term reign in spite of the frequent substitution of political power in the Central Plains of China. While attempting to explore the causes of the phenomenon, it is proposed in this thesis that YouZhou, which served as both the geographical border of political control and the center of social and cultural life, played a key role in the reign of Liao dynasty.YouZhou has occupied an extremely important position in history since ancient times. For Liao dynasty located in the upper reaches of West Liao River, YanYun region lied in the south of its ruling center and was crucial to the stability and expansion of the state. For this reason, Liao government attached great importance to this region. With the growing expansion of its territory, nationalities and population problems became more complicated in the country. Liao dynasty had to take the actual situation of the state and its relation with the neighboring countries such as Song, Xia and XiYu into consideration while reigning over the country and dividing the administrative regions. During the building-up of the state, Liao government adopted characteristic five-capital system on the basis of native traditions and the objective situation of the country in its geographical division and built ShangJing, DongJing, ZhongJing, NanJing and XiJing successively.The establishment of five-capital system reflected the geographical difference of Liao Empire. The process of establishing the system is also the process of regional integration of Liao Empire. From a historical and dialectical point of view, we can trace the source of the establishment of five-capital system to the nomadic life of Qidan people. But what must be pointed out is that the context, process and purpose of this organizational system were closely related to Han institution, Han people and especially the merger of YouYun region. In 938 A.D. when YouYun region first merged into Liao Empire, the then reigning emperor of Liao dynasty made great changes to its capital and changed HuangDu, YouZhou and LiaoYang into ShangJing, NanJing and DongJing respectively. Therefore, there would be no question of establishing five-capital system without the existence of YouZhou region.YouYun region held an important position in Liao dynasty. First of all, these two places, where NanJing and XiJing were located, could be regarded as the political center of Liao Empire and Liao administration laid great emphasis on the ruling of this area. During the reign of Liao dynasty, all the emperors inspected this region frequently. Furthermore, the governors of YouYun region were either dominant figures of Liao political arena or close relatives of the emperors.Liao Empire was located in north China and compared with the Central Plains of China, it was relatively backward in economy and culture. The economic and cultural development in YanYun region was much more prosperous than the native land of Qidan people. It was from this place that Qidan people came to understand and accept Han culture, especially Confucianism. Consequently, this region had a great influence on the culture and education of Liao dynasty. Before the establishment of Liao dynasty in 960A.D, Qidan people still lived in primitive tribal society. After the foundation of the country, with its political power slowly expanding to the Great Wall where mainly Han people lived, Qidan people got in touch with Han civilization and began to accept it. In order to rule over Han people effectively, after obtaining YanYun region, Liao emperors further developed the Confucianism education and talented Han people were taken on as officials of Liao dynasty through imperial examinations.During the early days of Liao dynasty, Qidan rulers exploited instead of accepting Han civilization. They had to advocate Confucianism in order to get Han people under effective control. This situation, however, was changed greatly during the middle period of Liao reign. After 938 A.D. with the increasing cultural exchange between Qidan and Han people, Confucianism was spread rapidly and reigning experience of Han people based on Confucianism was much valued by Qidan noblemen. In addition, with the spreading of Han culture, school education and imperial examinations began to develop and achieved perfection gradually. 988 A.D. saw the first nationwide imperial examination in Liao dynasty. With the time passing by, Han culture was admired and appreciated by Liao people and became a natural part of their daily life. From the above mentioned, it is clear that YanYun region played a decisive role in introducing Han culture.YouYun region served as a bridge between Han civilization and Qidan nomadic culture. The integration of this region helped Qidan people to realize the transition from primitive tribal society to feudal society and became a big feudal power rivaling the Central Plains. Qidan people was one of the nomadic nationalities living in northern China and mainly lived on fishing and animal husbandry. Before the foundation of Liao dynasty, land wasn’t regarded as private property though it was the most important resource for people’s survival. There were no adequate laws protecting private properties and no ownership concept among people concerning land and other natural resources. Land was affiliated to the tribes and shared by all the people in the tribe. It means that slavery system was prevailing in Qidan society. With the expansion of its territory, many Han people and people of other nationalities were taken captive and Liao government adjusted their economic and ruling policy in order to control these new subjects.With the merger of YouYun region, great changes took place in economic constituents in Liao society under the influence of the productive and life styles of Han people. Farming economy replaced nomadic economy and became the dominant economic form. At the same time, land private ownership indicating feudalization emerged and began to develop. During this period, although the northerners under the reign of Liao dynasty still lived a nomadic life and feudalized land ownership didn’t play a leading role in people’s economic life, the process of feudalization had been under way and Liao dynasty would stepped into feudal society quickly.Many advanced cultures and techniques including agriculture, metallurgical industry, handicraft, building trade and commercial trade were brought to Liao dynasty with the merger of YouYun region and enormously promoted the local economic development which in turn promoted the trade contacts between different countries on both nongovernmental and official levels. After Liao dynasty captured the land in YouYun region originally belonging to Han people, the rulers didn’t make agriculture subordinate to nomadic economy just as what Yuan dynasty would do. Instead, they took many protective measures in the light of local conditions and developed agriculture enthusiastically. Liao was a multi-national country where Qidan people formed a main part of the population and lived with other minorities such as Shiwei, Xibu, and Nvzhen. The successful ruling policy over different nationalities can be traced back to the integration of YouYun region. It was because of the merger of this region that Liao rulers adopted ruling policies based on different traditions of different nationalities, although the policies only applied to the place where Han people lived in compact communities (It must be recognized that the stability of Han people, which made up more than half of the total population, is crucial to the stability of the whole country). With the time passing by, various nationalities fused with each other and a favorite political situation turned up in Liao territory. The political reign was also recognized and accepted through the contact between Han and Qidan people.During the middle period of Liao reign, the government also attached great importance to the national relations in YouYun region and revised unequal criminal laws. The unanimity of laws established a solid foundation for the realization of equality between Han and Qidan people and healed the rift arising between these two peoples in the early days of Liao reign.In conclusion, as both the geographical border of political control and the center of social and cultural life, YouYun region played a decisive role in the reign of Liao dynasty and exerted far-reaching influence over the existence and development of Liao society.更多还原