【作者】 王刚；

【导师】 李章印；

【作者基本信息】 山东大学 ， 科学技术哲学， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 本论文以前科学、科学及数学因素为视角来梳理和浅析海德格尔对科学的追问和沉思。对科学的追问和沉思是海德格尔前期和后期思想中的一个重要主题，它贯穿着海德格尔思想的进程。本论文的写作目的是：通过对海德格尔关于科学追问和沉思的思想道路的跟从和领悟，来系统地梳理和把握海德格尔对科学思考的深层意境。此在和世界相亲熟源始地和世内存在者打交道的寻视操劳活动就是前科学活动，而操劳一词也就有着前科学含义。人源始地和世界相亲熟，操劳地和世内存在者打交道，这是一切科学理论知识产生的前提。科学理论知识只是这种源始的操劳在世的一种派生样式。在前科学活动中隐含了科学得以产生所必需的生存论—存在论上的条件。人如果想要揭示事物就必须具有“在之中”这种存在样式。世界是一切存在者成为可敞开状态的条件，只有存在者进入世界之内才会成为可敞开的，才会被得以揭示。在人的寻视操劳活动中，存在者并非首先是人认识的对象，也并非首先是人拷问、探究和强求的客体，而是作为此在的人的生存在世的基础。科学是对现成事物的专题性理论揭示，然而事物并非首先以现成事物和人照面。上手事物是通达现成事物的必然途径。事物总是首先作为具有因缘关系的上手事物而显现的，这种因缘关系是在人的前科学性操劳活动中被揭示的。如果要揭示在因缘整体中上手的事物，就必须在寻视操劳中事先揭示出适合于世内存在者的因缘整体的先知。这种先知正是科学认识的源头。在前科学活动中人们从对存在畿域的经验与解释中完成了对事质领域的基本结构的清理工作。具有其基本结构的这些事质领域相应地作为科学探索的对象，而其基本结构便成为科学的前结构或“基本概念”，为科学对具体的事质领域的揭示提供了最贴近的线索。对自然的数学筹划的对象化过程就是对相关存在者存在方式的概念性把握的形成和结构性发展的过程。因此数学因素必然是科学的前结构。科学是前科学活动经过某种根本变化之后而演化和变式而出来的。从前科学活动演化到科学活动存在着一个转折过程。从对上手事物的寻视操劳变式到对摆在现成事物的理论揭示，说明了科学的发生。数学因素在科学的形成中起到了关键的作用。在海德格尔后期思想中，数学因素成为他对近现代科学进行追问的主线。数学因素有其历史渊源，柏拉图主义的一个重要特征就是数学因素。数学因素是近现代科学的基本特征，它开启了近现代科学。数学因素的历史含义是我们已经取得的关于物的认识。数学因素的本质是支配和规定近现代科学基本运动的一种先行筹划，它为事物和事实开启了显示自身的一个领域。数学筹划是对物的预先设定，是对事物本质、事物的结构及其相互关系的先行勾勒。现代科学研究的方法特征是建立在数学筹划的基础上的。在数学因素对事物的筹划中，事物被设置性地表象为科学认识所要说明和探察的对象。事物在对象状态中被科学研究所寻求。借助于研究程式的展开和科学方法的开展，事物被研究者的表象性计算所支配。数学因素对自然的对象化过程必然内在地体现在在近现代科学本质中。科学设置实在，把实在在它的对象性中予以确保，并当作一个对象来追逐和追踪，这个过程实际上就是对事物的数学筹划过程。近现代科学的本质所在就是把存在者表象为对象，把存在者的存在方式设置为对象状态。数学因素对自然的对象性设置使科学无法囊括自然的全部本质，这就是现代科学的局限性成因。数学因素的支配性地位的取得是笛卡尔对人的形而上学规定的必然结果。另一方面，数学因素也构成了笛卡尔形而上学的基础所在，决定了笛卡尔的哲学态度。从流俗的哲学史上看，事物被规定为设置性的表象的对象状态，是始自于笛卡尔的形而上学。但是，从历史性的哲学之思来讲，笛卡尔形而上学的基础所在是由数学因素所构成的。数学因素对近现代科学、近现代形而上学的支配性地位只是借助于笛卡尔的形而上学进一步登上前台而已。数学因素是近现代科学的最终的形而上学基础。数学因素的支配性地位取得既是人对其存在方式实行新的基本态度的结果，也是人对事物实行新的基本态度的结果。与这种新的基本态度相适应，数学因素本身就构成了对存在者的一种新的思维方式，即对象性地算计思维方式。作为研究的科学是一种现代时代的本质上的图像，而数学因素预先决定了现代时代的本质。现代科学和现代形而上学的共同根源和一体性思维方式均来自数学因素。数学因素不但奠定了现代人们的思想基础，而且世界的图像也成为数学的图像。海德格尔对科学的考察，并不是在考察科学的因素，而是在考察在世界图像时代中的人和事物被世人所遮蔽的和忽视的关系。他对科学的现实性思考值得我们去追问和沉思。更多还原

【Abstract】 This paper analyses Heidegger’s thinking from prescience ,science and the mathematical .It is an important topic in Heidegger’s thinking both in Heidegger I and Heidegger II to quest and think for science , which is full of the road of thought of Heidegger .Through following and understanding the Heidegger’s road of thought in question concerning and thinking science , to make a clear and take hold of the deep meaning of Heidegger’s thinking for science, is an aim of my thesis .The activity of prescience is the activity of circumspective concern in which Dasein is Being -in-the-world to deal with the entity in the world .Therefore, the word of concern has the meaning of prescience .the human is familiar with the world to deal with the entity in the world, this is a precondition that all scientific knowing takes place .The scientific knowing is only a model of Dasein-Being-in the world.The ontologically and existentially necessary conditions of the genesis of science hide from in the activity of prescience. If the people wants to disclose entity, It is necessary for man to have the ontological model of "Being in the world" .The world is a necessary condition that any entity becomes into essential disclosedness, only can become into disclousure of spatiality of entity when an entity enters into the world ,the entity can have been give a disclousure. In Dasien’s circumspective concern, The entity is not firstly an object in knowing for man ,It is not firstly an object in excruciating、investigating and challenging for man, rather than the fundamental for using "Being in the world" of man as Dasein. Science is the thematizing disclose of theory for the present-at-hand , but the entity does not first encounter man in the way of the present- at-hand that is a necessary road to achieve the present- at-hand .The entity always shows itself firstly in the way of the ready-to -hand having involvement context, this involvement context is disclosed in the activity of prescience .If the human want to disclose the ready-to-hand in the context of involvement ,he must disclose in advance the pre-knowing that fits for the context of involvement in circumspective concern. This pre-knowing just is the headstream of scientific knowing.In the activity ,the people accomplishes the work for making clear the fundamental construct of areas of subject-matter, which happens when he experiences the realm of Being and explain it. The area of subject-matter having it’s fundamental construct is an object of the science research. It’s fundamental construct becomes into the pre-construct or fundamental concept that provide the close clue for science to disclose the special area of subject-matter. The process of objectifying of the mathematical project in nature just is the process for taking hold of the concept of the way of Being of the entity, and is also the process for developing the construct of concept of the way of Being of the entity. Therefore, it is certain that the mathematical is scientific pre-construct.Science stems from prescience. The activity of prescience may transform into science through the fundamental modifying of circumspective concern. The circumspective concern for the ready-to-hand turn into the theoretical disclose in the present-at-hand, which shows the genesis of science. The mathematical plays an important role in the genesis of science.In thought of Heidegger II, the mathematical becomes the important clue of his question concerning the modern science. The mathematical is the characteristic of primary importance, it also opens the modern science. The essence of the mathematical is a project in advance that holds sway the fundamental motion of modern science .It opens the realm for the entity and the fact to show itself.The methodological characteristic of the research in modern science stands on the basis of the mathematical project. In the projection of the mathematical, through setting in place ,the entity is represented as an object that science knowing intends to explanation and investigation .In the objectness, the science research investigates the being .By the projection of the process of research, the researcher’s representative calculation holds sway the being.In the essence of modern science , the process of objectifying that derives from the projection of the mathematical for the nature may certainly show itself. The essence of modern science just is that the entity is represented as an object ,and that the way of the Being of the entity is setted into objectness. The setting upon the nature of coming from the mathematical makes science not to include all essence of nature, which is the reason of the limit in modern science. On the one hand, getting the governing status for the mathematical is a certain result coming from the metaphysics of Descartes in the aspect of the essence of man .On the other hand ,the mathematical is also the basis of the metaphysics of Descartes. The mathematical is the final basis in metaphysics for modern science.Getting the governing status for the mathematical is the result stemming from the new fundamental attitude which the people puts into practice for the way of the Being of himself. It is also the result deriving from the new fundamental attitude which the people implements to the entity .In accord with the new fundamental attitude , the mathematical itself just constitutes the new way of concerning the being ,i.e., the way of the thought of objectifying calculation.The science as research is the picture of modern age, but the mathematical determines the essence of modern age in advance .The mathematical is a headwater of both modern science and modern metaphysics.更多还原