【作者】 刘文亮；

【导师】 陆健健；

【作者基本信息】 华东师范大学 ， 生态学， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 底栖动物是河口湿地生态系统的重要组成部分，在构建生态系统结构，体现生态系统功能方面均具有重大意义。本文以长江河口为研究基地，依托翔实可靠的第一手调查资料，聚焦于大型底栖动物优势种的生态学研究。根据不同研究的需要，扩展了长江河口大型底栖动物优势种的范畴，将优势种划分为不同类型，确定相应的种类，探讨其相应的生态学特点；总结归纳了长江河口大型底栖动物的种类与分布，以期为河口大型底栖动物资源的科学管理与可持续利用提供科学依据。主要研究结果如下：1．整理，核实，补充和完善了长江河口大型底栖动物名录。该名录含大型底栖动物126种(5种鉴定到属)，隶属5门8纲22目71科101属(不含底栖昆虫)。其中腔肠动物1种，环节动物13种，软体动物37种，甲壳动物73种，棘皮动物2种。纠正历史错误鉴定4种、增补长江口新纪录30余种。并据此名录测算了长江河口大型底栖动物的分类学多样性。2．按不同研究的需要拓展了长江河口大型底栖动物优势种的范畴，将优势种划分为3种类型性，确定相应的种类，探讨其相应的生态学特点。a．定义在整个河口，密度占优势的种类为优势种Ⅰ，服务于整个长江河口大型底栖动物的资源研究。确定其种类为：潮间带：硬爪始根钩虾Eohaustorius cheliferus、拟沼螺Assiminea sp．、谭氏泥蟹Ilyoplax deschampsi、河蚬Corbicula fluminea、堇拟沼螺Assiminea violacea、无齿螳臂相手蟹Chinomantes dehaani、光滑狭口螺Stenothyra glabra、绯拟沼螺Assiminea latericea，8种；潮下带：安氏白虾Exopalaemon annandalei、葛氏长臂虾Palaemon gravieri、秀丽白虾Exopalaemon modestus、河蚬Corbicula fluminea、狭颚新绒螯蟹Neoeriocheir leptognatha、黑龙江河篮蛤Potamocorbula amurensis、安氏类闭尾水虱Cleantioides annandalei、脊尾白虾Exopalaemon carinicauda、日本沼虾Macrobrachium nipponense，9种，共计16种。通过比较分析，从资源学角度认为，相对于潮下带而言，潮间带为优势种Ⅰ更为重要的分布区域。b．定义在特定群落中占优势的种类为优势种Ⅱ，服务于长江河口大型底栖动物群落研究。确定其种类为：潮下带：安氏类闭尾水虱Cleantioides annandalei—河蚬Corbicula fluminea，安氏白虾Exopalaemon annandalei—河蚬．Corbicula fluminea，狭颚新绒螯蟹Neoeriocheir leptognathus+葛氏长臂虾Palaemon gravieri，安氏白虾Exopalaemonannandalei+葛氏长臂虾Palaemon gravieri，纵肋织纹螺Nassarius variciferus，狭颚新绒螯蟹Neoeriocheir leptognathus+安氏白虾Exopalaemon annandalei，红带织纹螺Nassarius succinctus—小荚蛏Siliqua minima；潮间带：河蚬Corbicula fluminea→谭氏泥蟹Ilyoplax deschampsi→0，河蚬Corbicula fluminea→谭氏泥蟹Ilyoplax deschampsi→无齿螳臂相手蟹Chinomantes dehaani，河蚬Corbicula fluminea→谭氏泥蟹Ilyoplax deschampsi+拟沼螺Assiminea sp．→无齿螳臂相手蟹Chinomantes dehaani，彩虹明樱蛤Moerella iridescens→拟沼螺Assiminea sp．→尖锥拟蟹守螺Cerithidea largillierli，硬爪始根钩虾Eohaustorius cheliferus→0→0，日本旋卷蜾蠃蜚Corophium volutator+河蚬Corbicula fluminea→拟沼螺Assiminea sp．→无齿螳臂相手蟹Chinomantes dehaani，硬爪始根钩虾Eohaustorius cheliferus→拟沼螺Assiminea sp．→无齿螳臂相手蟹Chinomantes dehaani，0→拟沼螺Assiminea sp．→无齿螳臂相手蟹Chinomantes dehaani，微小螺Elachisina sp．→拟沼螺Assiminea sp．→尖锥拟蟹守螺Cerithidea largillierli，托氏虫昌螺Umbonium thomasi—硬爪始根钩虾Eohaustorius cheliferus→0→0，河蚬Corbicula fluminea→谭氏泥蟹Ilyoplax deschampsi+拟沼螺Assiminea sp．→0，中国绿螂Glauconome chinensis→拟沼螺Assiminea sp．→尖锥拟蟹守螺Cerithidea largillierli，中国绿螂Glauconome chinensis→拟沼螺Assiminea sp．→多齿围沙蚕Perinereis nuntia。通过与相关的环境因子的综合分析，表明对于潮下带大型底栖动物而言，盐度是决定其种类数量、群落结构的主导因子；对于潮间带大型底栖动物的种类数量、群落结构而言，各环境因子起综合作用，并无显著的主导因子。c．定义延河口梯度几乎全程分布的广盐性种类为优势种Ⅲ，服务于长江河口大型底栖动物优势种的扩散、分布、演变等研究。确定其种类为：潮下带：狭颚新绒螯蟹Neoeriocheir leptognatha；潮间带：日本旋卷蜾蠃蜚Corophium volutator，圆锯齿吻沙蚕Dentinephtys galbra及绯拟沼螺Assiminea latericea，共计4种。通过以圆锯齿吻沙蚕为例的生态学研究，推论该种类为河口沙洲成陆过程的早期登陆种类，亦可作为河口地区的标志性种类。3．大型底栖动物优势种Ⅱ演变研究。结果表明，较短时间尺度的变化——季相变化是基于动物生活史的普遍规律即动物行为对环境的适应(温度、日照等)形成的。在较长时间尺度下，优势种Ⅱ未发生重大变化，表明河口潮间带湿地低、中、高潮滩发育完成后，各潮区优势种Ⅱ形成，有一定的稳定性，在无人为干扰下不会随时间发生较重大的改变；而伴随成陆过程，较为适应陆生的底栖动物(昆虫幼虫等)迁入，是造成种类组成、分类学多样性变化的主要因素。人为干扰会引起优势种Ⅱ的增加，表明长江河口蕴含着一定数量的固着型、附着型大型底栖动物幼体，在相应区域一旦出现它们所适应的基质，这些固着型、附着型的大型底栖动物就有机会成为优势种Ⅱ。通过时空互换的方法，达到预测新生沙洲潮间带大型底栖动物优势种Ⅱ演变趋势的目的，而实际上，演变进程为一个较长时间尺度的过程。更多还原

【Abstract】 Zoobenthic community is an important part of the estuarine ecosystem, which plays a key role in ecosystem structure and function. The study is focused on the ecological study for the dominant benthic macro-invertebrates in Yangtze Estuary by the intensive on-site investigation. In order to meet the requests from different researches, the definition of the dominant species of the benthic macro-invertebrate in Yangtze Estuary is expended. The efforts include dividing the dominant species into different types, consolidating the species of different types, and describing their ecological characteristics. The results are expected to be as an improtant reference in the wise use of the benthic macro-invertebrates at the estuary.Major results of this study are:1. A list of species of benthic macro-invertebrates in Yangtze Estuary is achieved, which includes 5 phylums, 8 classes, 22 orders, 71 families, 101 genuses and 126 species. Four species used to be identified error are corrected. More than 30 species are the first reported as new records in Yangtze Estuary. Such a list is based to calculate the hierarchical diversity.2. In order to meet the demands from different researches, the definition of the dominant species of the benthic macro-invertebrate in Yangtze Estuary is expended. Thus, the whole group of dominant species is divided into into 3 types, consolidating the species of different types and studying their ecological characteristics.a. Dominant group I. It always has the highest density in whole Yangtze Estuary, thus they are dominant at the whole estuary. The group is used to conduct the resource study of the benthic macro-invertebrate in Yangtze Estuary. Details of this group are listed as belowed.There are 8 species of this group in the intertidal zone, which are: Eohaustorius cheliferus, Assiminea sp., Ilyoplax deschampsi, Corbicula fluminea, Assiminea violacea, Chinomantes dehaani, Stenothyra glabra, Assiminea latericea. 9 species in the subtidal zone, which are: Exopalaemon annandalei, Palaemon gravieri, Exopalaemon modestus, Corbicula fluminea, Neoeriocheir leptognatha, Potamocorbula amurensis, Cleantioides annandalei, Exopalaemon carinicauda, Macrobrachium nipponense.By the comparison analysis, the conclusion is drawn as that the intertidal zone are more important than subtidal zone for dominant species I as the habitat.b. Dominant group II. It contains the species dominanting the local communities. This group is used to study the community of benthic macro-invertebrate in Yangtze Estuary.The species in the subtidal zone are: Cleantioides annandalei — Corbicula fluminea, Exopalaemon annandalei - Corbicula fluminea, Neoeriocheir leptognathus+ Palaemon gravieri, Exopalaemon annandalei+ Palaemon gravieri, Nassarius variciferus, Neoeriocheir leptognathus+ Exopalaemon annandalei, Nassarius succinctus — Siliqua minima. The species in the intertidal zone are: Corbicula fluminea →Ilyoplax deschampsi → 0, Corbicula fluminea → Ilyoplax deschampsi →Chinomantes dehaan, Corbicula fluminea→Ilyoplax deschampsi + Assiminea sp. →Chinomantes dehaani, Moerella iridescens → Assiminea sp. → Cerithidea largillierl, Eohaustorius cheliferus →0 → 0, Corophium volutator + Corbicula fluminea→Assiminea sp→Chinomantes dehaani, Eohaustorius cheliferus →Assiminea sp→Chinomantes dehaani, 0→Assiminea sp→Chinomantes dehaani, Elachisina sp.→ Assiminea sp. → Cerithidea largillierli, Umbonium thomasi -Eohaustorius cheliferus →0→0, Corbicula fluminea → Ilyoplax deschampsi + Assiminea sp.→0, Glauconome chinensis→Assiminea sp.→Cerithidea largillierli, Glauconome chinensis→Assiminea sp.→Perinereis nuntia.Through the analysis with related environment factors, it’s concluded that salinity is an important factor influencing the species composition and community structure of benthos in the subtidal zone while there was not any predominance factor in the intertidal zone but the synthetical function by all kind of environment factors.c. Dominant group III: euryhaline organisms whose distribution cover the whole environmental gradient of the estuary. This group is used to study the spreading, distribution, and changes of benthic macro-invertebrate in the Yangtze Estuary.For this group, there are 1 species, Neoeriocheir leptognatha in the subtidal zone, and 3 species in the intertidal zone, Corophium volutator, Dentinephtys galbra, and Assiminea latericea.Dentinephtys galbra is detailedly studied and found that it is the earlier resident of the estuary and regarded as an indicator species of the estuary.3. The changes of benthic macro-invertebrate dominant group II is studied. The variety of the short time scale (seasonal) is resulted from the general life history of the animals, i.e. the animal behavior adapting the environmental factors, such as temperature, sunshine, etc. In a longer time scale, there are no obvious changes for dominant species II. Once the lower tidal zone, the middle tidal zone, and the higher tidal zone in the intertidal zone formed completely, the structure of the dominant group II in those zone became stable. They would not change significantly only if there were certain human activities. With the land growing up, some terrestrial animals (such as insect larvae) immigrate, which leads to the changes of species composition and hierarchical diversity. Artificial engineering often increase the quantity of the dominant group II. This phenomenon shows that there are plenty of sedentary and adhering benthos juveniles. They are opportunists to grow up provided adapt circumstance occurs. With spatiotemporal interchange, the changes of dominant group II in the new emergent shoals could be forecasted, although changes process actually is a long time behavior of a system.更多还原