“任侠”风尚对秦汉社会的影响

【作者】 王巧昱；

【导师】 宋杰；

【作者基本信息】 首都师范大学 ， 中国古代史， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 “侠”，在一般民众心目中是赈人危急、铲奸除恶的正义化身，是实现社会公义的完美形象，触动了大众对于正义与公道的内在需求。因此，慕侠成为中国古代社会一种普遍存在的现象。秦汉时期，任侠者辈出，慕侠尚气之风弥漫于整个社会。可以说，这一阶段是中国古代任侠之风最为炽烈的时期。在任侠风尚的带动下，当时社会各阶层的人物，上至公卿贵族，下至贩夫走卒，多以任侠自喜。任侠，在当时俨然成为一种“时尚”。当某种风气充斥于整个社会时，就不免会对社会的政治秩序，经济秩序和道德体系等各个层面造成或积极或消极的影响，促使整个社会发生某种变化和演进。与此同时，发展变化了的社会又会反作用于这种风尚促使其发生相应的改变。秦汉社会和风行于当时的任侠风尚也是这样一对互动的矛盾双方。正是秦汉时期政治、经济体制和社会道德的变革导致了任侠风尚的兴起和后来的衰微；而广为流布后的任侠风尚又深刻地作用于秦汉社会，对当时社会的各个层面都产生了一定程度的影响，促使其发生某种改变。所以，深入探讨任侠风尚和秦汉社会，将有利于我们判断两者之间的关系，借以理清任侠之风的消长与秦汉社会政治体制的构建，经济的发展以及道德体系的改变之间的关系。因此，笔者将由社会秩序的角度入手，来探讨秦汉任侠与当权者两股势力的冲突与协调，藉以反映当时的社会概况，并从两股社会势力的交互作用中，反思历代对任侠的评价。希望通过本文的论述，可以重新审视“侠”在历史中所扮演的真实角色，进而重新梳理对于“侠”或过于仰慕或过于贬损的两种极端论调。更多还原

【Abstract】 "Knight-errant" is considered to be the embodiment of justice in the eyes of the masses, who dole out alms in the event of other’s emergency and eradicates villainies and depravities. It is the ideal image of realizing social justice and therefore triggers the masses’ internal need for justice and equality. As a result, knight adoration has developed into a common phenomenon in Chinese ancient society. In the Qin and Han Dynasty, amateurish knights sprang up one after another, and the atmosphere of knight adoration and righteousness inspiration permeated the whole society. Thus, Qin and Han Dynasties are considered to be the very time overwhelming with the atmosphere of ancient amateurish knights. Influenced by this atmosphere, people from all hierarchies, royal members to the masses, are mostly self-contented by being regarded as an amateurish knight.Amateurish knights were just like a kind of "mode" at that time. It is sure to affect all levels of the system of social political and economical orders as well as its moral system negatively or positively when certain mood permeates the whole society, thus propels some changes and evolutions for the society. Meanwhile, the changing society will in turn affect this mood and cause some corresponding changes too. The society during Qin and Han Dynasty and the atmosphere of amateurish knights inspiration are such a couple of interactive contradiction. It is the changes of the political, economical and moral system in Qin and Han Dynasty that leads to the rises and downs of amateurish knights. And vice versa, the atmosphere of amateurish knights adoration in turn impacts the society deeply and exerts influences on some degree on every levels of the society, and eventually results in some changes. As a result, by probing into the mood of amateurish knight inspiration and the Qin and Han society, we would be able to tell exactly the relationship between them and have a better understanding to the relationships between the rises and downs of the amateurish knights inspiration and its political construction, economical development and the changes of its moral system in Qin and Han Dynasty. Consequently, the writer will start the research by studying the social orders to discuss the conflicts and interactions between the amateurish knights and authorities in Qin and Han Dynasty. By means of the study of their interaction, the paper reflects the evaluations made in the succeeding times to the amateurish knights. The dissertation manages to reevaluate the real role of knights in history and then reconsider the two extreme views of over-inspiration and over-derogation to "knights"更多还原