【作者】 胡伟；

【导师】 刘国良； 杨建国；

【作者基本信息】 上海交通大学 ， 机械制造及其自动化， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 随着现代制造业的不断发展,精密和超精密加工技术的重要性日益凸显。数控机床作为加工的重要装备,也面临了新时代的机遇和挑战。提高数控机床的精度是提高数控机床产品质量、增强市场竞争力的关键所在。数控机床的误差问题成为了其发展的关键。测量技术则是改善与补偿机器误差的重要前提。圆轨迹测量对数控机床测量技术中重要的一个方面。现有的数控机床圆轨迹测量方法与设备,已经不能完全满足当代精密,高速加工的要求。新的测量技术的需求比较迫切。随着激光技术的发展,将激光技术与传统圆测法相结合,为数控机床的圆轨迹测量提出了新思路。本文系统阐述了数控机床的非接触式激光测量方法,并从以下几个方面进行了具体说明:(1)介绍新的数控机床测量方法――非接触式激光测量。对现有的数控机床误差综合测量方法设备进行归纳总结,分析他们的基本实现方式以及优缺点,并在此基础上介绍非接触式激光测量这一新的测量方法。对其物理结构,测量步骤,特点和优点进行了详细说明,并介绍了其原理和基本数学模型。(2)综合误差轨迹辨识方法和原理。在阐明数控机床误差源与圆轨迹之间的关系的基础上,着重推导了数控机床主要几何误差源的数学模型,并通过计算机仿真获得轨迹特征图。通过一个简单的圆轨迹图的辨识溯源,探讨了测量结果是如何反映机床所存在的各个单项误差。(3)非接触式激光测量测量精度分析。分析讨论了该方法的主要精度影响因素,并着重探讨了数控机床主轴姿态对该方法的精度的影响。(4)光路误差和拟合误差。根据非接触式激光测量方法的特点,提出了光路误差和拟合误差这两个该方法特有的误差因素。对这两个误差项的分析讨论,得出:光路误差基本不影响非接触式激光测量方法精度;拟合误差随垂直度误差变化,在垂直度误差较小时候对非接触式激光测量方法精度影响很小,并推导了补偿公式。(5)用工程实例,介绍了非接触式激光测量方法进行实施的一般流程。非接触式激光测量方法测量精确,操作方便,能够广泛应用,尤其在小半径高进给这一领域具备其他方法不具备的测量能力。是现有圆测法的有力补充和积更多还原

【Abstract】 Accompany with the development of modern manufacturing industry, the precise and ultra-precise machining technique has become increasingly important. As the widely used equipments in the machining process, the CNC machine tools is facing new challenges and opportunities for the new age. Improving CNC machine tools accuracy is the key to improve the quality of CNC machine products and strengthen the market competitiveness in the world while the error of CNC machine tools is the main obstacle. The technology of measurement is key technology to reduce or compensate the error of CNC machine products.The circular test is an essential part of measurement technology on CNC machine tools. As the existing methods and equipments for circular test can not meet the request of the ultra-precise and high-speed manufacturing, new technology of measurement is required on edge. Combined with the traditional circular test system, the development of laser measurement technology lead us new way. A new system called noncontact laser measurement is introduced in this article with the main contents as follows.(1)As a new measurement system for CNC machine tools, Noncontact Laser Measurement system (NLM) is introduced. Details and characteristics are summarized by analyzing the existing measurement equipment based on which NLM is introduced. The structure, process and characteristics of NLM are shown while the principles and mathematics formula are deduced.(2)The solution and principle for separating individual error from the integrated error is deduced. Based on the relationship between circular track and origin errors, I focus on the mathematic model for main geometry origin error of CNC machine tools while tracks are plot by PC simulation. The process of separating individual error from the integrated error is shown by a更多还原