【作者】 何生兵；

【导师】 邵孝侯；

【作者基本信息】 河海大学 ， 农业生物环境与能源工程， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 我国是世界上最大水稻生产国和消费国，全国水稻产量约占粮食作物总产量的40％，水稻种植面积达600多万hm~2，约占全国粮食作物总面积的28％，为我国粮食安全及国家安全提供了有力保障。水稻的种植需要大量水资源的支撑，我国水稻用水量占到总用水量的45％以上。现有的水稻节水技术大多只关注了节水而忽视了我国农田生态环境的脆弱，没有做到经济、生态、社会三大效益有机统一，致使稻田中相当一部分溶解于水中的化肥、农药随排水、侧渗或垂直渗漏，对地下水和江河湖泊造成了严重污染，同时不科学的节水灌溉还导致大量水生病害的传播，直接影响了人类健康。 自20世纪80年代以来，许多学者对水稻各种节水措施作了大量研究，但到目前为止，我国学者对水稻生态节水技术的定性研究还很少。本文通过对水稻已有灌溉技术的优化分析，从理论上提出水稻生态节水技术这一概念，认为水稻生态节水技术应是以生态学原理为指导，在能确保农田生态环境安全和水稻生产可持续发展的前提下，一切农业节水技术与生态环境保护技术密切结合的能够节省水资源或在相同用水量下获得更大综合效益的技术措施和管理手段的总称。 本文采用田间试验、室内分析与室内模拟相结合的研究方法，对优化的水稻控灌中蓄生态节水灌溉模式和已有的淹灌和浅湿灌溉灌水模式，采用多因子多水平交互式试验方案，就不同晒田程度(轻晒和重晒)下不同生育期水稻光合效应、干物质累积、产量结构、茎叶穗营养元素动态累积、病虫害、杂草、稻田不同土壤层(10cm和耕作层底层)土壤肥力、稻田的通透性等生长效应、生态效应和经济效应分别加以研究。研究结果表明，控灌中蓄生态节水灌溉模式下重晒处理降雨利用率最大，田间水分生产效率达到1.30kg／m~3表明，为各处理中最大值；水稻实际产量比淹灌要增产23.8％～33.89％，比浅湿灌要增产3.4％～6.4％，节水、增产效益潜力巨大。随着水稻生长发育，在不同灌水模式下稻田小气候发生显著改变。控灌中蓄灌水模式下水稻株间空气湿度减小，昼夜温差变大，抑制了田间病原菌的繁殖和传播，水稻病虫害大大减少，病株率从11.27％下降到3.11％。同时，控灌中蓄处理能很好抑制稻田水生或沼生杂草(如野茨菰、鸭舌草、水花生)的生长，总的杂草数量也少于淹灌和浅湿灌处理。更多还原

【Abstract】 Our country is the biggest paddy rice production and expense country in the world, the national paddy rice output approximately composes 40% of the grain crops output, and the paddy rice sown area amounts to more than 6 million hectares, approximately composing 28% of the total area of our grain crops.It has provided the powerful safeguard for our country grain security and the national security. Paddy rice’s planter needs massive water resources,which take above above 45% of the using water . The existing paddy rice water-saving technology mostly pay much attention to saving water,but neglecte the frailty of our farmland ecological environment.lt has not made the economical, the ecology and the social benefits as an organic unification. And caused in the rice paddy quite a part to dissolve the chemical fertilizer, the agricultural chemicals along with draining water, the side-infiltrating or the vertical leakage, which have caused the serious pollution to the ground water and the rivers and streams lake.Simultaneously,unscientific water saving irrigation have also caused the the dissemination of massive aquatic plant diseases, which directly affected the human health.Since the 1980s, many scholars have do the massive research on water saving measures to paddy rice, but so far, our scholars have made a few quantitative investigations to the water saving measures to the paddy rice ecology. On the base of the optimized analysis of the irrigates technicals of paddy rice,this article points out the concept about ecology saveing water technology of paddy rice,which takes the ecology principle as the instruction,and can guarantee the farmland ecological environment security and the paddy rice produces the sustainable development.Under this premise, all agricultural saving water technology and the ecological environment preservation technology close union which can save the water resources or obtain the greatly combined earnings under the same water consumption.This article adopt the field-testing research technique, the room-analysising and the room-simulating on the optimized saving water irrigation pattern and the flooding更多还原