【作者】 朱凌；

【导师】 雷锐；

【作者基本信息】 广西师范大学 ， 中国现当代文学， 2006， 硕士

【副题名】40年代上海作家对“五四”精英化写作的世俗化解构现象

【摘要】 中国古老的文明曾经有过自由的辉煌,在几千年的封建制度、封建礼教的桎梏下,“人”成为被随意践踏、随意诬蔑的符号。但人类对“人性”的思考和探索并未因此而终结,几代文人知识分子作着不同程度的努力。“启蒙”也成为贯穿文学史的一种思想。“五四”启蒙运动打出了“人的觉醒”的旗帜,一代作家经过锲而不舍的努力将“人”套上神圣的光环推上时代的巅峰,尽情地讴歌和呐喊。“五四”作家们采取自上而下的视角,以一个精英知识分子的姿态俯视民众,开启国民灵魂,改造国民性。“五四”退潮后,经历了30年代阶级斗争的思潮影响和接踵而来的民族大义的召唤,40年代上海的一批作家出现在文坛。张爱玲、钱钟书、杨绛、臧克家等继承了“五四”启蒙的精神,却颠覆了“五四”启蒙的自上而下的精英化启蒙姿态。虽然他们都是“知识分子”,也都具有知识分子共同的“精神贵族”的特质,但是由于时代的离乱和对人世的体验,他们中的绝大多数人开始将目光转为“平视”。他们面对苍生大众,不再高高在上地批评、改造,而是将自己作为他们描述对象中的一员,实实在在的体验生活的艰辛无奈、人生的苦难挣扎以及人性的贪婪自私。他们挥手拉下了包裹在“人”身上的神圣的面纱,将世俗化的人生状态赤裸地呈现在我们面前。无论是40年代的上海,还是任何其它的时代、地点,“启蒙”思想都是一个有良知的现代知识分子根深蒂固的原则和使命。所以“启蒙”在任何文学时代中都是存在的。它们存在的姿态是各不相同的。“五四”启蒙与40年代上海作家“启蒙”形态就是一对既有继承又有颠覆的不同的启蒙姿态。通过40年代上海作家们对“五四”启蒙神话世俗化的解构,我们可以清醒地认识到启蒙文化对民智的启迪和由于操之过急及政治功利性带来的不足,使我们对启蒙运动有一个全新的、公正的客观评价。40年代的上海作家对“五四”启蒙的拆解是对启蒙运动进行的反思,以生活在现实中的笔法发掘“人性”中更为真实的一面,不是谆谆的告诫,而是深入地剖析和呈现。这里所谓的“解构”,不是对“启蒙”精神的颠覆,而是叙述视角和“启蒙”姿态的改变。这种解构使作家笔下的生活呈现出极具后现代特色的大众化、世俗化特点。“五四”作家将隐含在生活背后的“启蒙”之义,以生活原生的姿态直接呈现出来,在现代的“启蒙”与后现代的“启蒙”形态之间形成一种艺术张力,使小说具有永恒的艺术魅力。“五四”时代,中国的“现代”来的过于仓促而更多还原

【Abstract】 Chinese ancient civilization once enjoyed the grandeur of liberty, but“human”became a symbol of being trampled and insulted at random under the fetters of feudal system and protocol. In spite of this, the reflecting and exploring about“humanity”did not end and generations of people made efforts to different extent. In addtion,“enlightenment”became an ideology throughout the literary history. The May 4th Movement held up the flag of“human awakening”and writers wrapped“human”with sacred haloes and placed it at the top of the times, eulogizing and acclaiming it. At that time they adopted the perspective of viewing the demos from top to bottom. After the May 4th movement, a group of writers in shanghai, such as Zhang Ailing, Qian Zhongshu, YangJiang, Zang Kejia and so on, rose through the suffering of class fight tendency in 1930s and followed the calling of rebelling incursion and saving China. They inherited the enlightenment spirit, but overthrew elite enlightenment pose of the May 4th from top to bottom, though they were all intellectual who shared the“spirit aristocratic”particularity. But due to the turbulence of the times and different social experience,the majority of them began to view the demos horizontally. Instead of standing above them, criticizing and reforming them, they regarded themselves as members of the objects they described , tasting the living hardships and struggles as well as the human self-serving and avarice practically. They removed the sacred veil wrapping the human and showed mundane living state in our face.Whether it was in shanghai in the 1940s or in any other place at other time, enlightenment spirit was the deeply-rooted principle and mission for those更多还原