【作者】 李加洞；

【导师】 谌焕义；

【作者基本信息】 广西师范大学 ， 专门史， 2006， 硕士

【摘要】 印度土邦是印度封建领主的领地。英国殖民政府通过与王公签订条约、协定,对他们实行间接统治。土邦王公承认英王的最高统治权,并承担形式不一的义务,主要是提供一部分兵力和承担一些军费开支,英国政府对王公也承担一些义务,比如,帮助他们抵御外来侵略和镇压内部叛乱。土邦王公的领地不是英国的领地,其居民也不是英国的臣民。英国征服和殖民统治印度的过程中,印度土邦始终是英国不可或缺的政治工具。在1947年印巴分治时,分散于印度各地的土邦共有562个,其面积占印度次大陆的2/5,人口达1亿,因此,英国对土邦政策的恰当与否直接影响到英国对整个印度殖民统治的成败。本课题旨在通过考察分析英国对印度土邦政策演变的历史进程,从中探寻土邦对英国在印度的殖民统治中所扮演的角色。1757年英国逐步占领了孟加拉后,通过对迈索尔、马拉塔等地方封建土邦势力的征服到1818年英国征服平达里人为止,英国逐渐与土邦建立了藩属体系,确立了对土邦的最高统治地位。而与土邦王公们签订一系列的条约使其认可了英国作为宗主国的地位和自身的从属地位,并在向英国承担一定义务的情况下,享受一定的受保护的权利。随着英国对土邦优势地位的建立,英国开始对土邦进行残忍的兼并政策,以便从土邦身上获得最大的经济和战略利益。但兼并王公领地的做法也损害了它们的切身利益,招致它们的强烈反对,导致在1857—1859年的印度民族大起义中,部分王公参与、甚至领导了与英国的这场殊死斗争;同时,在大起义中,绝大多数王公对英国的继续忠诚,使得英国当局在“大暴动”平叛后开始放弃对土邦的兼并政策转而尊重王公们的“独立”,并归还部分过去夺取的王公土地,同时英国又以建立土邦高效率的政府、避免王公的腐败和维护土邦人民的利益为借口,继续奉行干涉土邦内部事务的政策并控制土邦的对外事务。对土邦的干涉自然会引起王公们的不满;而19世纪末20世纪初印度民族运动如火如荼地开展,特别是群众性的非暴力不合作运动使英国在权衡利弊后,不得不对土邦王公们作出更大的让步,实行对土邦的非干涉政策,放弃孤立土邦王公的做法,并与王公们合作结盟。但非干涉政策的施行也助长了土邦政府的腐败并使得王公们变得对土邦人民更加专制和独裁。而对土邦机构人员的裁减,也就更使得在以后要想再恢复对土邦干涉政策都很难了。二战期间,尽管英国知道在未来印度政府的统治下土邦的独立是不可能的,但为获取土邦王公们对英国战争的更多还原

【Abstract】 The Indian States has always been the indispensable political tool of Britain in the process of Indian being conquered and colonized by Britain. In 1947 when India and Pakistan were parted, scattered throughout India were 562 Indian States, the 2/5 size of the Indian subcontinent, and the population to about 100 millions, so whether Britain had appropriate policy on the Indian States or not, was directly responsible for British success or failure in colonial rule in India. The subject is, through the observation and analysis of the historical process of evolution of the British policy towards the States, to explore what the colonial roles of the Indian States were in the process of British colonial India.After Britain conquered Bengal step by step, by conquering the feudal States such as Mysore, and Maratha until the conquest of the Pindari in 1818, Britain gradually established a system of subsidiary alliances, which built up the supreme dominant status on the States. A series of treaties, signed between the British and the Indian States, ensured that the princes have the recognition of the British status as a sovereign state and the States’subordination. Meanwhile, the princes obtained certain protected rights under the condition of undertaking certain obligations for Britain. With the establishment of the British superiority on the Indian States, the British began to implement more brutal State policy of annexation in order to obtain the maximum of the economic and strategic interests from the territories of States. However, the merger of the local princes’territories also damaged their personal interests, causing their strong opposition, so that some of them were involved in the 1857-1859 Indian great national uprising, and even some princes led this life and death’s struggle against the British. At the same time, that the majority of the princes’invariably kept loyalty to the British during the Great Rebellion made the British authority abandon the policy of annexation, began to respect the independence of the States, and returned part of their territories snatched by the English in the past. On the other hand, Britain continued to pursue the policy to interfere in the internal affairs of the territories’States, and to control their external affairs, under the pretext of establishing the States’efficient governments, avoiding the princes’corruption and safeguarding the benefit of the people in the States. Naturally, interference in the princes’territories aroused their dissatisfaction. And the更多还原