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国民收入分配体系中的第三次分配

【作者】 陈雯;

【导师】 曹雪琴;

【作者基本信息】 华东师范大学 , 公共管理, 2006, 硕士

【副题名】我国慈善事业的发展探索

【摘要】 加快社会主义现代化建设的过程中,社会公正问题、贫富差距问题影响着我国社会的健康发展和稳定局面。目前,以慈善捐赠为主要手段的第三次分配被理论界高度关注。本文从我国的实际出发,系统探讨了第三次分配的有关问题。 慈善捐赠是第三次分配的主要形式,文章从慈善捐赠的角度对第三次分配的内涵和特点作了描述。第三次分配与国民收入初次分配和再分配相比较,在运行方式、功能定位和活动准则方面有着特殊的一面。慈善捐赠是指社会公众在自愿的基础上,在社会道德的影响下,以NPO组织为载体,将一部分收入捐赠给社会困难群体,以此实现资源和财富的第三次分配。 当前,我国的收入差距已过了国际公认的警戒线,收入差距主要体现在城乡之间和不同阶层之间的收入差距。产生收入差距的原因在于以市场为主导的初次分配以追求效率为目标,生产要素的占有不同,收入也就不同。收入差距本身就是市场分配的必然结果。而在我国的政府再分配过程中,由于财力约束和制度设计的缺陷,使得我国的收入差距进一步扩大。以慈善为主要手段的第三次分配可以通过对低收入群体资本和技术要素的补给,提高他们获得高收入的能力,同时通过高收入群体向低收入群体的财富转移,弥补我国税收在调节收入差距中的有限作用。此外,慈善助学和慈善救济事业是我国社会保障的重要补充。可见,发展和完善第三次分配对于实现社会公正,调节收入差距有着十分积极的作用。 我国的慈善事业起步很久,但是发展缓慢,总体规模滞后于整个经济的发展,究其原因,主要是受制于社会文化、法律、税收等问题。通过与美国的慈善事业发展得比较,结合我国的实际情况,文章提出了我国发展慈善事业,增强第三次分配对收入差距的调节作用的一些建议,主要有:增加慈善捐款规模——一定规模的慈善捐赠数量是保证第三次分配能真正对国民收入差距起作用的条件,只有加强社会慈善氛围的营造和慈善机构的建设,才能推动慈善事业的发展;完善慈善捐赠结构——通过对我国当前慈善捐款使用情况的分析,文章建议在慈善项目的设计中,更多的倾向于农村,适当的考虑投向技术培训和中等教育领域;规范慈善捐款行为——变当前突击性、集中性的捐赠为经常性的捐赠。 总之,发展慈善事业、完善第三次分配是一项迫切又长期的任务,是一个系统工程,需要社会的共同努力和支持。

【Abstract】 With the promotion of China’s market economy, the gap between rich and poor has already become the irrefutable fact. Some scholars began to consider charity as an important issue and do some research work on it.The third distribution, namely charitable public service, following the first and the second distribution, has its inevitab existing at the present stage.The thesis point out the definition and characteristics of the third distribution, which is differ from the first distribution and the second distribution in function and principle. The third distribution is a voluntary means of wealth transference. Rich people relief of unfortunate or needy people, which will compensate for government failure and market failure in equality of income distribution.The Gini co-efficient,a key gauge of income, reached 0.45 in china for several years, which has passed the internationally recognized danger lever. The massive income gap is a major factor that affects our social harmony. There are two reasons for the gap of the rich and the poor. Firstly , a market-driven distribution system, which take efficiency as principle, caused inequality of income distribution in china. On the other hand, government distribution enlarged the gap, too. So , it is necessary and urgent to promote charity undertaking in china.The fourth part discusses the status quo and major problem of charity in china. There are some elements, such as culture, law and taxation, constraint charity’s development. The thesis tries to explore the way for developing, china’s charity undertaking. The conclusion and the proposals which are based on practical conditions in china, would be valuable in operation.The third distribution of income can adjust the urban income gap in china and promote fairness and stability in china. All of us should become the member of this system.

【关键词】 第三次分配; 慈善捐赠;
【Key words】 the third distribution of income; charity;
  • 【分类号】F124.7
  • 【被引频次】19
  • 【下载频次】1414
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