【作者】 官昭瑛；

【导师】 任炳忠；

【作者基本信息】 东北师范大学 ， 动物学， 2006， 硕士

【摘要】 作者于2005年～2006年运用化学生态学、统计学以及分类学的相关研究方法,对长白山四种不同海拔区间内(针阔混交林带、针叶林带、岳桦林带以及苔原带)访花昆虫的访花机制进行研究,主要研究花的颜色、形态、气味与昆虫访花行为的关系。研究结果如下:(1)访花昆虫对花的颜色趋向性的室内研究中,3种优势访花昆虫对黄色的趋向性最强,其中,意大利蜜蜂的颜色趋向性最强。室外研究中,访花昆虫对橙色的趋向性最强,还对黄色、蓝色有明显的偏好。此外,蜜蜂科的昆虫对8种不同的颜色均有趋向性,除对橙色最为显著外,对黑色和白色这两种引诱效果较差的颜色也有趋向性。上午8~9时的访花昆虫种类、昆虫访花频率均高于下午4~5时。不同海拔的样地访花昆虫的种类不同,颜色趋向性差异明显。(2)访花昆虫对花的形态趋向性研究中,访问22种优势开花植物的访花昆虫共计17科,42属,55种,昆虫对各优势开花植物的偏好不同,其中在落新妇、珍珠梅、柳兰、大山尖子、大白花地榆、大蓟上采集到的访花昆虫种类均超过7种。访花昆虫对具有辐射对称形和管状花冠的花有较强的偏好。花冠直径和访花昆虫体长的相关系数为0.07446,基本不相关;花冠直径和昆虫翅展的相关系数为0.09739,基本不相关。多数访花昆虫偏好具有总状花序的开花植物,其次是聚伞花序,单生花的访问者最少。(3)访花昆虫对花的气味趋向性研究中,16种鲜花挥发性气味的水蒸馏提取物均无明显的引诱效果,而有机溶剂萃取物的引诱率各不相同,只有柳兰、大蓟、大山尖子、珍珠梅、黑水当归、蚊子草和小飞蓬具有引诱效果。其中,柳兰、大蓟、大山尖子、珍珠梅这4种鲜花的有机溶剂萃取物的气味引诱率较高。对柳兰、大蓟鲜花挥发性气味物质进行分离测定,得出引诱效果明显的气味组分,包括醇类、酯类、烷烃类、羧酸类物质,还有少量的芳香族酚类、酮类和糖类物质,两种鲜花的具引诱性的气味物质无相同化合物成分,但醇类物质含量均较高。访花昆虫对气味趋向的行为具有规律性:供试昆虫对不具引诱效果的鲜花气味源无定向反应,供试昆虫对具有气味引诱效果的鲜花气味源产生:兴奋-爬行-搜寻信息源-定向-探测-伸出口器取食的一系列行为反应。更多还原

【Abstract】 Many researchs show that pollinators are oligolectic and collect pollen or nectar for their larvae only from one particular plant family or genus. But, we found out that, in the area of Changbai Mountain, most species of pollinators are mulriple and collect their food from different plant family. Here, we (1) identified eight kinds of flower color, find out which color is the most important for the attraction of pollinators and which species of pollinator is the preponderant one, besides, we setup the laboratory experiment and outdoor experiment to obtain the answer. (2) identified characteristics of flower in four aspects(corolla type, whether there is nectary, flower size and anthotaxy type) compare with species and exterior character(length of insect body and length of insect wing) of pollinators, and try to find out the interrelation ship. (3) identified the tempting rate of volatile from sixteen species of flowers in order to select which species of flowers has better attracting ability for the pollinator.(4)identified flower scent compounds of four species important for the attraction of bees, which collects pollen from different flowers during same and different seasons. Flower scent was collected by using steam distillation and organic solvent extraction methods, and the samples were subsequently analyzed by sense of smell behavior and GC/MS to detect possible attractive compounds.Result: (1) laboratory experiment, Apis mellifera lligustica Spin is strongly attracted by color and it is the preponderant one, yellow is the most important for the attraction of pollinators. outdoor experiment, orange is the most important for the attraction of pollinators, pollinators are easier attracted by color at 8~9AM. than at 4~5PM. Besides, pollinators are easier attracted by color in places of lower altitude than in places of higher altitude. (2) pollinators are most attracted by the radiate symmetry and cannular corolla flower, and most flowers have no nectary. The diameter length of corolla has low relativity relationship with the length of insect wing and also the length of insect body. The relationship between anthotaxy type and pollinators species is: the more complex the anthotaxy type is the more important for the attraction of pollinators. (3)use GC/MS to identify the flower scent compounds of 2 extractions which attracting pollinators, the compounds include alcohol, esters, alkane hydrocarbons, carboxyl, and there are a small amount of fragrant clan phenol, ketone and carbohydrate, the 2 extractions do not have same compound composition, but alcohol content is relatively high in both extractions. (4) pollinators which attracted by flower scent have the same behavior: exciting - crawling-hunting for information- directing– exploring - throwing out trophy to fetch food.更多还原