外部性理论在控制进港船舶常规污染中的应用研究

【作者】 党文涛；

【导师】 王学锋；

【作者基本信息】 上海海事大学 ， 交通运输规划与管理， 2006， 硕士

【摘要】 随着工农业生产和消费活动的迅速发展，环境质量受到越来越严重的威胁。环境保护问题已成为当今世界上面临的重大问题之一。港口作为海运和陆运的交接点，港口在发展壮大、为城市经济发展发挥巨大推动作用的同时，也为周边水域、城市环境带来一定的负面影响。特别是船舶作为港口的流动污染源，其排放的污染物对港口的水域、大气环境质量影响非常大，甚至会影响到港口可持续发展。因此如何控制船舶对港口的污染目前已成为人们关注的重点。 外部性理论应用于环境管理非常广泛，尤其是负外部性内部化方面的研究对环境污染的经济管理起到了指导性作用。因此有必要将外部性理论应用于港口的船舶污染控制领域，通过经济手段来激励船舶改善船舶污染状况，以提高港口的环境质量。 本文将外部性理论拓展到港口船舶运营的污染控制，重点对船舶营运引起的常规污染进行分析，根据船舶污染的特点制定具有针对性的污染控制策略，通过经济手段来减少污染这种负外部性。本文将船舶在港口进行生产经营活动时产生的外部不经济为研究对象，分析船舶营运所引起的环境污染的外部性具体类型及危害，然后针对这些外部成本提出相应的控制策略，希望能为相关部门制定控制港口污染策略时提供一定的理论参考。 文章首先分析港口的各种污染方式，重点分析了船舶在港的各种污染形式，并点出各种污染对港口产生的不良影响；然后引入外部性理论，阐述了负外部性导致市场效率的损失及内部化方法；针对目前环境污染控制的方法，本文分析了政府参与港口环境污染的经济管制的理由，通过比较提出采用排污收费制度来控制船舶在港产生的常规污染。文章核心部分构建港口-船舶系统收益模型，通过举例分析来证明排污收费制度的合理性：即外部成本内部化不仅可以减少船舶对港口的污染，而且激励船舶采取措施控制污染物的排放，也有利于船舶收益的最大化。文章最后通过分析船舶排污收费的可行性与必要性，提出我国港口相关部门应该采取船舶在港排污收费与港口环境标准相结合的办法来控制船舶对港口的污染，并给出了一种比较简单的方法来计算单船庇古税。港口相关部门可以通过对港口水域污染程度的监测、港口挂靠船舶量等数据的统计，求解模型来得出征收排污税的具体金额。更多还原

【Abstract】 With the fast development of the activities of industry and agriculture, the globe environment quality is under more and more threat, so the environment protection has been a big social problem. As the link of sea transport and land transport, ports lead to a certain extent of bad effect for their water area and urban environment. In special, as one of the main ambulatory pollution sources, ships have a great influence on port water area and air environment, even ports sustainable development.The theory of Externalization has a wide application on the field of environment management; especially the research on internalization of external cost becomes a guideline of environmental pollution control. So it is essential that use the theory to control port pollution and improve port environment quality through economic measures.This article extend the theory of externalization to routine pollution control of ships operation in ports, analyses port pollution arose by ships operation, makes policies of pollution control which aims at the characteristic of ships pollution. With the study of external diseconomy conduced by ships operation in port, the article analyses the externalization type and harm of ships pollution, finally put forward corresponding control measure, hope to provide academic reference for relevant parties to control pollution.The main work of the article is the following: 1) analyze some kinds of ships pollution in ports and points out the blights, then introduce the theory of externalization and expatiate ships pollution lead to loss of market efficiency; 2) provide the policy of pollution charges to control ships routine pollution in condition of government intermeddle into the port pollution control; 3) build the model of port - ship system income and illustrate to prove the reasonability of pollution charges for win-win strategy; 4) discuss the feasibility and necessity of ships pollution charges, and advance the combination policy of pollution charges policy and port environment criterion for control pollution of domestic ports, then put forward a simple model to calculate pollution charge per ship based on ship type,更多还原