【作者】 张波；

【导师】 徐祥民；

【作者基本信息】 中国海洋大学 ， 国际法学， 2006， 硕士

【摘要】 人类在不断追求科技进步和经济发展的过程中,取得了辉煌的成绩,但也付出了沉重的代价,环境的急剧恶化已构成了对人类社会的严峻挑战。面对人口爆炸、江河的污染、有毒的烟雾和物种的减少等,人类感到了自身生存的危机。“小桥、流水、人家”已是不可企及的梦想,“蓝天、白云、碧水”成了难得的奢侈品。为了防止环境恶化,国际社会在环境问题上共同合作,确立了可持续发展模式。随着可持续发展战略的提出,各国都认识到应将环境因素纳入到发展决策过程之中,以预防人类活动对自然环境状况和人体健康造成不良影响,保障生态安全,促进社会和经济的持续稳定发展。俄罗斯生态鉴定制度即为较理想且可行的制度选择,它是俄罗斯环境管理制度的重要内容,是俄罗斯保护环境、维护生态平衡的重要措施之一,是协调俄罗斯经济发展和环境关系的调节器。考察俄罗斯生态鉴定制度的内容,有助于我国环境保护法建设方面取长补短,促进我国环境影响评价制度的发展和完善。俄罗斯是我们的邻邦,至今仍然是世界上少有的一个自然资源的大国,在资源与环境建设上是名副其实的先行者,在它身上是有许多值得我们借鉴的环境法理论与环境保护的实际操作方法。由于俄罗斯特殊历史文化背景,其环境资源法和全部法律一样,具有许多自己的特点,同时我国与现在的俄罗斯联邦有着非常相同的过去,也都经历了经济的转型,了解和研究俄罗斯环境资源法,对充实我国环境法、丰富相关环境法理论无疑是大有裨益的。然而国内对俄罗斯环境法的研究人数相当少,与美国、欧盟等国家和地区相比,环境法领域的研究成果则更是少得可怜。笔者希望通过对俄罗斯生态鉴定制度研究,做通往俄罗斯环境法道路的取经人,汲取俄罗斯生态鉴定制度领域新成果,充实我国环境影响评价制度。本文从俄罗斯环境法的历史发展角度着手,以俄罗斯国内环境法著作为依托,对生态鉴定制度进行较为全面的考察,明确了生态鉴定制度的涵义,指明它是建立在两个“假定”的基础之上的,一种保护人和自然免遭不符合生态要求的经济活动和其他活动的不良影响的一种保护性环境管理措施。生态鉴定制度的原则,实际上就是组织和实施生态鉴定活动的指导方针。六项原则相辅相成,共同指导鉴定机关和鉴定人员合法地进行鉴定活动。文中运用经济分析法,客观的分更多还原

【Abstract】 In constant pursuing process of scientific and technological progress and economic development, human has received brilliant achievements, but also paid a heavy price. The dramatic deterioration of the environment has been the serious challenge to human society. Facing the various problems such as the population explosion, the rivers and streams pollution, the virulent smog and the species reduction and so on, human has felt the survival crisis. "The houses near the wooden bridge and the running water" have already been an unattainable dream; "the blue sky, the white clouds, and the green water" have become the rare luxury goods. In order to prevent the environment depravation, the international society, cooperating together to solve the environment problem, has established the sustainable development pattern. Along with sustainable developmental strategy proposing, the countries all realized that we should bring the environmental factor into the development decision-making process, preventing the bad influence caused towards the natural environment condition and the human health, ensuring the ecology security, promoting sustainable development of the society and the economy. The ecological appraising system in Russia is ideal and feasible, and it is the important content in controlling the Russian environment. And it is one of the important measures to protect Russian environment and maintain ecological equilibrium, and it is the regulator of the Russian economy development and the environmental relations. Investigating the Russian ecology appraisal system, we can make up for our deficiency by learning from others’good points in building our country environment protection law, promoting the development and the consummation of our appraising system of environmental influence.Russia is our neighbor and has been among rare countries with natural resources in the world. Russia is worthy of the name of forthgoer in the field of resources and environment. We could use the Russia theory of environmental law and the method of更多还原